欧盟环境刑事立法的最新发展及其刑事政策意义

欧盟环境刑事立法发展快速,继欧洲理事会于1998年11月制订<通过刑法保护环境公约>后,欧盟委员会和欧盟部长理事会又分别于2001年3月和2003年7月起草了<关于通过刑法保护环境的指令>和<关于通过刑法保护环境的框架决定>.欧盟环境刑事立法的发展呈现出"生态利益"的保护立场日益彰显,犯罪构成日趋扩张,刑罚结构更趋合理等显著特点.欧盟环境刑事立法对我国环境刑法具有借鉴意义.参11     

Social capital accumulation through public policy systems implementing paddy irrigation and rural development projects

In Japan, a developed country in Asia, the Land Improvement Act systems have worked as a measure of social capital accumulation as well as an adjective law in implementing irrigation projects since 1949. This paper illustrates the status and problems in applying the concept of social capital to agricultural and rural development policy systems in developing countries, EU and Japan. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) it is desirable that governments formulate public policies that are appropriate for correcting inefficiencies in resource distribution for accumulating social capital, so that the governments play a significant role in developing and supporting social capital; (2) the effect of policies in the areas, where government-supported land improvement projects have been implemented, has been improved, subsequent to which the efficient use of the national budget allocated for the projects has been improved, while the projects significantly contribute to the national land conservation and social stability by continuously promoting minimum social capital accumulation nationwide. In addition, Japan and countries in the Asian monsoon region, which hold the five elements in common that constitute the characteristics of rice field irrigation in humid climates, should take over the advantages of the land improvement project system while learning from the success achieved by the LEADER+ programme in Europe, where society precedes Asian countries concerning the problems of decline in the birth rate, and expansion of an aging society.

Using aerial photography for identification of marine and coastal habitats under the EU's Habitats Directive

• 1. Implementation of the E.U. Habitats Directive requires information on the distribution, abundance and area covered by the habitats listed in Annex I of the Directive.
• 2. In Finland, 21 of these habitats occur in marine and coastal areas. The demand for spatial information of these habitats is increasing, so rapid and relatively inexpensive mapping methods are needed.
• 3. This study examines the identification of 15 habitats using high altitude black and white aerial photographs. Our goal was to find out how well these habitats could be identified using these types of photographs. We used a test group of 34 persons who were given only brief instructions on how to identify the habitats prior to the test. Their results were compared to a set of field data from an archipelago area at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, in August 1999 and autumn 2000.
• 4. The test group identified sandy beaches, lagoons, submerged sandbanks and cliffs with an accuracy of 82%, 71%, 66% and 65%, respectively. The main reasons for these high accuracy percentages were apparently the high contrast and/or easy delineation of the habitat from the surrounding areas.
• 5. Reefs, wooded dunes and submerged reefs were identified with an accuracy of 39%, 44% and 45%, respectively. The remaining habitats were less precisely identified, apparently due to their small size or poor contrast to the surrounding areas.
• 6. High altitude aerial photographs are shown to be a useful tool for identifying several of these habitats and can be used as a complement to field mapping methods, GIS methods and other remote sensing techniques. The use of high altitude photographs for monitoring change is discussed.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative Studies on US Lacey Act Amendment and EU Timber Regulation

The US and EU markets are the main destinations of Chinese forest products.Through analyzing the similarities and differences between the US Lacey Act Amendment and the EU Timber Regulation,the paper focused on how to realize better compatibility and practicality of Chinese timber legality verification scheme in terms of verification standard setting,verification procedures,pilot work of timber legality verification scheme,capacity-building trainings and studies on key problems.     

Patent protection in the field of animal breeding

Abstract

There are a rapidly growing number of patent applications relevant for the animal-breeding sector. Patent law is general in form and is seldom adapted to single areas of innovation. It was initially created for the purpose of granting exclusive rights to technical inventions; and it was taken for granted that higher animals, food production and pharmaceuticals were too important for mankind to be included under exclusive private rights. When patent law now is becoming increasingly in use in the animal sector, it is an unanswered question how the law will apply to this particular field of innovation. There is legal uncertainty of how the courts will apply the general law to this particular field. Patent law has the potential to alter the existing legal conditions for competition and investments in the field of animal breeding, and needs therefore a higher level of awareness among policy makers, animal breeders and farmers.     

2008--2010年欧盟动物（源）产品兽药残留监控情况分析

欧盟实施的残留监控计划经过多年的发展,已经逐步形成了一套完整、系统和科学的残留监控模式。本文对2008--2010年欧盟委员会发布的残留监控报告进行总结分析,以期能为我国全面了解和掌握欧盟残留监控的相关资料,完善我国兽药残留监控体系,突破国际贸易壁垒提供一定参考价值。     

Agricultural trajectories in a Mediterranean mountain region (Priorat,NE Spain) as a consequence of vineyard conversion plans

In mountain regions of Mediterranean European countries, recent economic and technologic changes have involved the intensification of crops, based on heavy land levelling and/or terracing, and the abandonment or marginalization of traditional land use management. These trends have been reinforced by the subsidy policies of the European Union. The objectives of the present research were: (a) to contribute to the understanding of agricultural trajectories and farming systems that are entirely transforming the social and environmental characteristics of Mediterranean mountain areas, focusing on the analysis of the main agricultural trajectories in a sample area of this environment (the Priorat region, NE Spain) over the last 20 years (1986–2005); and (b) to analyse the farming systems that coexist in the region with regard to the landscape impacts they involve and the influence of CAP subsidies in each one. A methodological approach based on the combination of multivariate statistical techniques was used to obtain a better knowledge of the heterogeneity of farming systems on a local scale. The results show that, although most farms cultivate a mosaic of traditional crops and have small mechanized areas, a minority group follows a high intensification and specialization strategy based on new mechanized‐terraced vineyards. This group only comprises 12 per cent of the farmers in the region, but owns 61 per cent of the new vineyard plantations and 42 per cent of the total agricultural land, receiving most of the subsidies from the EU vineyard conversion and restructuring policy (68 per cent of total Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies assigned to the region). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国对EU水产品出口贸易的SWOT分析

文章运用SWOT分析法系统地分析了中国对EU水产品出口贸易具有的内部优势和劣势、面临的外部机会和威胁。研究表明，中国对EU水产品出口虽然受到外部威胁和自身条件的影响，但优势大于劣势，机遇大于挑战，存在着较强的贸易结构互补性。中国对EU水产品出口发展空间较大，可以预见将继续增长。最后，从政府和企业视角分别提出了相应的出口战略措施。     

欧盟兽药上市审批制度

介绍了欧盟兽药上市审批新制度:中央审批和相互认可.对这两种审批程序的法律依据、审评机构、适用范围以及具体审批过程等做一梗概说明,供我国从事兽药法规管理的相关人员参考.