Estimation of the number of exposed people during highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreaks in EU/EEA countries,October 2016–September 2018

We estimated that more than 11,000 people were exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in EU/EEA countries over the outbreak period October 2016–September 2018 by cross‐linking data submitted by Member States to European Food Safety Authority and EMPRES‐i. A stronger framework for collecting human exposure data is required.     

Dead or alive — Old empty shells do not prompt false-positive results in environmental DNA surveys targeting the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.)

1. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples is increasingly used to detect the presence and distribution of species in aquatic ecosystems. However, before implementing eDNA in monitoring programmes, various species-specific sampling or analytical issues remain to be resolved in order to minimize frequencies of false-positive and -negative results. For example, empty shells from freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) contain extractable DNA (chemical extraction from ground-up shells) suggesting a risk of false-positive samples at stream sites with extinct populations but with empty shell material remaining.
2. The aim of this study was to investigate whether empty and naturally degrading shells from M. margaritifera can cause false-positive eDNA signals in water samples.
3. Water samples were collected from outdoor stream channels (in Lemming, Denmark) with living freshwater pearl mussels or empty shell material (density ~10 individuals m⁻²) during a 3-week experimental period. Living freshwater pearl mussels were collected from Hemgravs stream in Sweden and transported to Denmark according to permissions granted by the Swedish and Danish authorities.
4. All water samples from stream channels containing empty shells were negative for eDNA indicating that eDNA traces in stream water are most likely to originate from living individuals located upstream of the sampling site. Water samples collected from stream channels containing living individuals of M. margaritifera were consistently positive for eDNA except for one sample (interpreted as a false negative).
5. The study shows that positive eDNA signals for freshwater pearl mussels most likely reflect the presence of living individuals. Consequently, we suggest that eDNA should be used to locate remaining population fragments of M. margaritifera in deep and turbulent streams, providing a platform for faster and more efficient decision making when launching investigative and mitigation initiatives.

     

欧盟动物卫生风险分析体系概况及对我国的启示

2007年颁布的《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》确立了在我国实施动物卫生风险分析制度,但这一制度如何具体操作目前还没有详细的规定。因此,如何健全动物卫生风险分析体系就成为了动物卫生行业面临的重大课题。本文从构建我国动物卫生风险分析机制整体框架入手,通过借鉴欧盟的经验和做法,全面介绍其在动物卫生风险分析制度建设、机构设置以及运作管理等三个方面开展的工作,并提出完善我国动物卫生风险分析体系的政策建议,以期加快构建符合我国国情的动物卫生风险分析制度。     

突发事件下欧盟农业生产和贸易:发展、应对与启示

2020年以来,新冠肺炎疫情、俄乌冲突、极端天气等突发事件对欧盟农业生产和农产品贸易造成了冲击。欧盟面临着农产品生产成本的上升和产量的下降,以及主要农产品出口量的减少。为应对突发事件对农产品生产和贸易带来的影响,欧盟出台了一系列农业支持政策,通过直接支付等财政政策、优惠贷款等金融工具及国家临时援助计划,确保农业市场的稳定性和可持续发展。援助政策在短期内关注市场稳定性,长期来看,保障了农业韧性和可持续性,一定程度上缓解了欧盟农业企业的经营压力,减少了农民的经济损失,实施效果明显。我国应借鉴欧盟的危机应对经验,促进农业投入品多元化,确保供应链弹性,加强农业研发,注重农业发展模式转型。     

Appraising and selecting conservation measures to mitigate desertification and land degradation based on stakeholder participation and global best practices

Most desertification research focuses on degradation assessments without putting sufficient emphasis on prevention and mitigation strategies, although the concept of sustainable land management (SLM) is increasingly being acknowledged. A variety of already applied conservation measures exist at the local level, but they are not adequately recognised, evaluated and shared, either by land users, technicians, researchers, or policy makers. Likewise, collaboration between research and implementation is often insufficient. The aim of this paper is to present a new methodology for a participatory process of appraising and selecting desertification mitigation strategies, and to present first experiences from its application in the EU‐funded DESIRE project. The methodology combines a collective learning and decision approach with the use of evaluated global best practices. In three parts, it moves through a concise process, starting with identifying land degradation and locally applied solutions in a stakeholder workshop, leading to assessing local solutions with a standardised evaluation tool, and ending with jointly selecting promising strategies for implementation with the help of a decision support tool. The methodology is currently being applied in 16 study sites. Preliminary analysis from the application of the first part of the methodology shows that the initial stakeholder workshop results in a good basis for stakeholder cooperation, and in promising land conservation practices for further assessment. Study site research teams appreciated the valuable results, as burning issues and promising options emerged from joint reflection. The methodology is suitable to initiate mutual learning among different stakeholder groups and to integrate local and scientific knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

《欧盟野鸟保护指令》介评

《欧盟野鸟指令》是欧盟在保护生物多样性领域中的一项重要指令。文中对指令的各方面做了评价与思考; 结合我国野生鸟类保护现状, 吸取指令的经验, 建议从野生鸟类保护立法、监管体制和野生鸟类栖息地保护等方面来完善我国的野生鸟类保护法律体系。     

宁波出口盆栽植物星天牛综合防控措施研究

[目的]应对欧盟对星天牛实施的严格检疫措施,为我国红枫等盆栽植物的出口安全提供技术支持。[方法]在综合分析欧盟有关法规的基础上,结合星天牛生物学特性、药剂熏蒸和浸泡等防治研究,提出了出口盆栽植物星天牛的综合防控措施。[结果]采用40%辛硫磷＋80%敌敌畏乳油500倍液浸泡处理36 h或25 g/L溴氰菊酯500倍液浸泡处理48 h可完全杀死苗木中的星天牛幼虫。[结论]在物理隔离基础上,结合盆栽植物生产过程控制,并配合一定的化学防治措施,可有效防控星天牛,这对有关盆栽植物出口企业有较好的指导作用。     

欧盟转基因食品溯源管理体系

食品的可追溯性是转基因食品安全的关注重点之一,欧盟通过法规（EC）NO 1830/2003建立了转基因食品可追溯性管理框架,并通过法规（EC）1829/2003来规范转基因食品的授权和投放市场后的监督、以及转基因食品的标签管理;通过唯一标识系统法规（EC） 65/2004实现转基因食品的溯源管理,整个溯源体系体现了欧盟在食品安全管理中“从农场到餐桌”的管理理念。文章系统介绍了欧盟转基因食品溯源管理体系,为我国转基因食品的溯源及其管理提供参考。     

欧盟国家林产品政府绿色采购政策及借鉴

在27个欧盟成员国中, 已有英国、比利时、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰和芬兰7个国家先后实行了林产品政府绿色采购政策。文中从政策制定、具体内容、政策执行、修订完善、政策评估等方面进行对比分析, 提出适合我国借鉴的相关经验。     

中国主要林产品海外市场贸易政策变动分析

2005年以来在国际林产品贸易中木材来源问题受到越来越多的关注,重要林产品进口国纷纷出台相关法规以确保进口林产品木材来源的可靠性。作为林产品国际贸易链重要组成部分的中国林业产业,有必要充分了解这些市场新要求,提升企业管理水平,以确保在林产品国际市场上的综合竞争优势。文中比较分析了近些年新出台的主要林产品国际贸易规则及对中国的潜在影响。