中国出口欧盟茶叶质量及风险分析

本文就2012及2013年中国出口欧盟茶叶数据、国外产品质量反馈情况以及当前中国出口欧盟茶叶的风险情况进行了分析,并提出应对措施。     

Conserving natural resources in olive orchards on sloping land: Alternative goal programming approaches towards effective design of cross-compliance and agri-environmental measures

Olive farming on sloping land in southern Europe is facing multiple challenges and it is reasonable to believe that farmers will opt for the abandonment of some systems and intensification or change to organic production of other systems. The issues at stake surpass financial farm viability and two EU policy instruments - cross-compliance and agri-environmental measures (AEM) - are available to address environmental objectives. This paper explores how cross-compliance and AEM policy options may lead to shifts in olive production systems and their social and environmental effects in Trás-os-Montes, NE Portugal over 25 years under two sets of conditions of uncertainty: decision-making by land users and market scenarios. Uncertainty in decision-making is addressed by employing five alternative goal programming models. The models include Linear Programming (LP), Weighted Goal Programming (WGP) and MINMAX Goal Programming (MINMAX GP), the GP variants of which are moreover formulated from a societal (S) and farmer (F) perspective. Uncertainty in market prospects is addressed by projecting olive oil and labour prices and trends in farm subsidies, distinguishing four price combinations in market scenarios. The models were validated by their capability to reproduce the initial configuration of olive production systems. Six policy options are evaluated under the complete ranges of uncertainty factors in a total of 6 × 5 × 4 = 120 model runs. Results show overall large effects of farmer decision-making and market scenarios. The cross-compliance and AEM policy instruments have an unequivocal effect on environmental performance and help to maintain work in rural areas. However, farmer income levels are insensitive to the policies, all work is absorbed by family labour and important environmental issues linked to more intensive systems such as pollution are not addressed. In a case study with the WGP (F) model which best reproduced the initial configuration of production systems, cross-compliance was moreover found to burden farmers under adverse market conditions, while AEM contributed to farmer’s objectives under favourable market conditions. A solution would be to focus cross-compliance regulations on intensive systems and offer appropriate AEM for traditional or abandoned orchards. Both policy instruments proved effective, but there is scope for removing substantial overlap between them.     

On scientists’ discomfort in fisheries advisory science: the example of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluations

Scientists feel discomfort when they are asked to create certainty, where none exists, for use as an alibi in policy‐making. Recently, the scientific literature has drawn attention to some pitfalls of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluation (MSE). For example, while estimates concerning central tendencies of distributions of simulation outcomes are usually fairly robust because they are conditioned on ample data, estimates concerning the tails of distributions (such as the probability of falling below a critical biomass) are usually conditional on few data and thus often rely on assumptions that have no strong knowledge base. The clients of scientific advice, such as the European Commission, are embracing the mechanization of the evaluation of proposed Harvest Control Rules against the precautionary principle and management objectives. Where the fisheries management institutions aim for simple answers from the scientists, giving ‘green/red light’ to a proposed management strategy, the scientists are forced into a split position between satisfying the demands of their advisory role and living up to the standards of scientific rigour. We argue against the mechanization of scientific advice that aims to incorporate all relevant processes into one big model algorithm that, after construction, can be run without circumspection. We rather encourage that fisheries advice should be a dynamic process of expert judgement, incorporating separate parallel concurrent, lines of scientific evidence, from quantitative and qualitative modelling exercises and factual knowledge of the biology and the fishery dynamics. This process can be formalized to a certain degree and can easily accommodate stakeholder viewpoints.     

碳税和碳交易研究动态

人口、能源、环境是21世纪3个最大的议题。全球性气候变暖作为环境议题之首,已经并且继续给我们的家园带来灾难与不幸。严格控制二氧化碳排放量已刻不容缓。2012年1月1日,欧盟航空业碳排放交易机制正式生效,引起各个国家的广泛关注。我国也逐渐将二氧化碳排放控制纳入日程。如何系统而有效地控制二氧化碳排放量在我国依然处于摸索阶段。探讨分析了控制碳排放的两种最主要手段的优势与缺陷,使我们更加理智地应对环境问题。     

欧盟有机农业的植物保护政策及其对我国农业发展的启示

欧盟及其各个成员国在有机农业的发展和植物保护方面都有着相对完善的法律法规和技术措施,并形成了统一的有机农产品市场规范,发展势态良好。为此,概述了欧盟有机农业法律法规现状,分析了欧盟各国病虫害防治、生物技术研究和有机农产品检测等在有机农业植物保护中的技术措施,指出欧盟的有机农业将向低碳化、区域化、信息化方向发展。我国有机农业的发展需要做好相关法律法规的建设,不断加大植保技术和有机农业生产技术的研发投入,提出合理的农业生产补贴政策,做好农业信息化、技术化、机械化的统一发展。     

German Shepherd dog Pyoderma: A genetic disorder

Summary

In this study the pedigrees of 42 German Shepherd dogs with German Shepherd dog Pyoderma (GSP) were analysed Parents, littermates and offspring of the affected dogs were traced and their owners were questioned on characteristic skin lesions. Evidence suggesting an autosomal recessive trait was found Breeders are advised to exclude affected animals and their relatives from further breeding.     

欧洲的家具工业

本文介绍了欧洲家具工业的生产和市场状况。在欧共体，家具工业的产值约占工业总产值的2％～4％，占GDP的2％左右，吸收了2．2％的劳动力；家具原料供应商及家具零售业还分别提供了约25万和60万个工作职位；欧洲家具业是工业部门最大的行业之一，2001年总营业额为822亿欧元，欧洲家具业的总产量相当于世界的一半。了解欧洲家具业对发展中国的家具工业非常重要。     

The HELCOM system of a vision,strategic goals and ecological objectives: implementing an ecosystem approach to the management of human activities in the Baltic Sea

• 1. Since signing the Helsinki Convention in 1974, the countries with coasts around the Baltic Sea have striven jointly within the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) towards the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea. The European Community signed the revised Convention in 1992.
• 2. Work under HELCOM includes implementing joint recommendations to curb pollution originating from land and marine sources, ensuring safer maritime traffic, and protecting biodiversity, for example, by setting up a network of Baltic Sea protected areas.
• 3. A new concept — the ecosystem approach to the management of human activities — was adopted by the Contracting Parties of HELCOM in 2003 to serve as the new framework for further efforts towards attaining good ecological status of the Baltic Sea.
• 4. Stepwise progress towards the development of quantitative definitions of good ecological status has been made since 2003 to implement the new approach: a common vision reflecting the ecosystem approach was adopted in 2004 and a number of more targeted goals and objectives were agreed in 2006.
• 5. The Contracting Parties to the Helsinki Convention will use the objectives adopted covering eutrophication, impacts of hazardous substances, and the overall status of biodiversity, including the impact of fisheries and shipping, to draft a new set of joint management actions.
• 6. In the future, an agreement under development among the Contracting Parties on indicators with quantitative targets will enable a quantitative assessment of ‘good ecological status’ and progress towards the goals of HELCOM, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well European legislation concerning marine environmental protection.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parameters causing variation between soil screening values and the effect of harmonization

Background, aim, and scope

This paper discusses the variation between generic soil screening values (SSV) from 17 countries for 11 volatile organic contaminants (VOC). The variation between SSV was one to four orders-of-magnitude (OOM) depending on the SSV and landuse type. What would be the variation if parameter values are harmonized between member states?

Main Features

The effect of harmonization was visualized by firstly reviewing the technical derivation procedure for SSV for 7 SSV from five countries and collecting all parameter values that are involved in the deviation. The parameters were subdivided in scientific (e.g. algorithm plus its parameter values), political (e.g. toxicological reference) or geographical (e.g. building and soil properties) elements. Secondly, new SSV were calculated with progressively harmonized sets of scientific and/or political parameter values, while the geographical parameters varied. Thirdly, the variation between SSV was compared before and after harmonization.

Results

Results show that harmonizing algorithms plus other scientific and political parameters are suited for harmonization. The variation decreases to 1 OOM, after scientific and political parameters were harmonized. Geographical parameters seem to have less impact on the differences between SSV.

Discussion

So, should we harmonize the procedures for deriving SSV between EU member states? The need for discussing harmonization is also raised by the upcoming EU Soil Framework Directive.

Conclusions

Clearly common generic SSV across all of Europe are not appropriate, since countries are allowed to include member state specific geographical and cultural elements and also political decision making. By harmonizing scientific and/or political parameters differences between SSV can be made more transparent between member states and it will encourage convergence in procedures among member states to ensure neutral conditions of competition and a coherent soil protection regime throughout Europe.

Recommendations and perspectives

To promote uniformity it is recommended to construct a toolbox for the calculation of human health risk exposure, carried by a European consensus, that includes different model algorithms for which fixed and flexible input parameters are made available. Fixed algorithm parameters are standardized and applied uniformly by all member states, e.g. physico-chemical parameters, while flexible input parameters permits member states to include region or country specific parameter values and policy decisions.