云南宾川亚麻生产技术系列报道之八: 亚麻炭疽病综合防治技术措施

本文对亚麻炭疽病的传播途径、发病条件进行了初步研究,总结了亚麻炭疽病综合防治技术。其综合防治措施为:选育和利用高产抗病品种;播种前把好种子消毒关;加强栽培管理,改善麻田生态条件,其中包括合理轮作、精细整地、合理密植、加强田间管理、关键时期进行喷药防治等。     

Treatment of seed potatoes with prochloraz for simultaneous control of silver scurf and black dot on progeny tubers

Summary Potato seed tubers infected withHelminthosporium solani andColletotrichum coccodes were treated with prochloraz (as Omega 450 g a.i. l⁻¹ EC) and/or prochloraz managanese chloride (as Octave 25 g/kg DP), and planted in two separate fields not previously cultivated with potatoes. Dipping seed 28 d prior to planting in 2,4 or 6 g a.i. l⁻¹ Omega, and dusting with 500 or 750 g Octave per 100 kg seed significantly reduced the incidence of silver scurf and black dot on progeny tubers. In one field, the higher concentrations of Omega and Octave gave slightly better control than the lower Omega concentrations. At the second site, postharvest application of 4 g a.i. l⁻¹ Omega or 750 g Octave per 100 kg seed limited development of both diseases on progeny tubers, with slightly better control when an additional Octave dusting was applied 14 d before planting. None of the prochloraz treatments adversely affected plant stand or tuber yield.     

银后亮丝草炭疽病菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

银后亮丝草(AglaonemacommutatumSchottcv.SilverQueen)炭疽病的病原菌鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichumgloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.]。菌丝生长的适宜温度20～30℃,适宜pH4.5～6.0,分生孢子萌发的适宜温度20～35℃。碳源对菌丝生长的影响,以D-果糖和麦芽糖优于D-葡萄糖、D-山梨醇、蔗糖、D-木糖和乳糖;氮源对菌丝生长的影响,以牛肉浸膏和酵母浸膏优于蛋白胨、硝酸铵和硫酸铵;碳源对分生孢子萌发的影响,以D-葡萄糖、乳糖和蔗糖优于其他碳源;氮源对分生孢子萌发的影响,以蛋白胨、酵母浸膏和牛肉浸膏优于其他氮源。     

广州地区6种野生蔬菜上的病原真菌记述

通过对广州地区规模种植的野生蔬菜秋葵Abelmoschus esculentus（L.）Moench、紫背天葵Gynura bicolor DC．、香麻叶Corchorus capsularis L．、黄花菜Hemerocallis citrina Baroni、四稜豆Psophocarpus tetragonolobus（L．）DC．、一点红Emilia sonchifolia（L．）DC等的病害进行调查及病原菌鉴定，明确了8种真菌病害，分别是秋葵链格孢叶斑病Alternaria malvae Roum.et Letendre、秋葵壳二胞叶斑病Ascochyta abelmoschi Harter、紫背天葵链格孢叶斑病Alternaria tenuissima（Fr）Wiltshire、紫背天葵棒孢叶斑病Corynespora cassiicola Berk．＆Curt．、香麻叶炭疽病Colletotrichum capsici（Syd．）Butl．＆Bisby、黄花菜炭疽病Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（Penzo）Sacc．、一点红壳针孢叶斑病Septoria lactucae Passerini和四棱豆小球腔叶斑病Leptosphaeria blumeri E.Muller，并对各病原真菌的形态进行了描述。除黄花菜炭疽病外，其它7个均为国内未报道的植物真菌新病害。     

番木瓜胶孢炭疽菌的生物学特性研究

对引起番木瓜（Carica papaya）炭疽病的胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosprioides Penz.）的生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,该病原菌菌丝生长的温度为10～35℃,最适温度为25～28℃,分生孢子萌发的温度为10～40℃,最适温度为28～30℃;该菌在pH 3～11的范围内均可生长,菌丝生长的最适pH为6,分生孢子萌发的最适pH为5;分生孢子萌发对相对湿度要求严格,在水滴中萌发率最高;该菌在完全黑暗条件下生长速度最快;葡萄糖、乳糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉能促进分生孢子的萌发和形成;该菌的致死温度为55℃10 min.     

Non-abscised aborted sweet cherry fruits are vulnerable to fruit decaying fungi and may be sources of infection for healthy fruits

During three growing seasons (1999–2001), disease incidence of non-abscised aborted and normally developing (sound) sweet cherry fruits were investigated in a research orchard at Ullensvang, western Norway. To reveal possible fungal infections, aborted and sound fruits of two cultivars (cv. Van for three years and cv. Lapins for two years) were harvested over four to seven weeks in an experimental orchard during the green fruit phase and incubated at 20°C in moisture saturated air for 7 days. The most frequently observed fungal pathogens were Monilinia laxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. The mean of all observations (±standard deviation) over three years, showed that aborted and sound fruits had a disease incidence of 51.9% (±31.8) and 5.2% (±9.7), respectively, after seven days incubation. In 24 of 25 trials aborted fruits had significantly higher disease incidence than sound fruits after incubation. In one season, when fruits were collected from two commercial orchards, aborted fruits had much higher disease incidence than sound fruits (a mean of 6.5 and 4.5 times higher incidence for the two orchards, respectively). Time of fruit abortion varied with the years (two years observation) and the two cultivars, but the major abortion took place between the fourth and eighth week after anthesis. A higher disease incidence and more rapid disease development in non-abscised aborted fruits indicate that they are more vulnerable to fungal colonisation than sound fruits and may thus be potential incoulum sources for neighbouring, healthy fruits.     

几种新型杀菌剂对菜豆炭疽病菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法,测定了咪鲜胺锰盐、福·福锌、苯醚·溴菌腈、二氢蒽醌、苯醚甲环唑和多福·溴菌腈等6种新型化学药剂对菜豆炭疽病菌的生长抑制作用。结果表明,6种化学药剂对菜豆炭疽病菌均具有抑制作用,其中80%福·福锌可湿性粉剂和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的抑菌效果最好,浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时的抑菌率分别达到了77.68%和72.96%,EC_(50)分别为212.41 mg·L~(-1)和296.83 mg·L~(-1)。因此,80%福·福锌可湿性粉剂和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂可作为田间防治菜豆炭疽病的候选药剂。     

应用积分GM(1,1)模型进行杉木炭疽病预测预报的研究

以积分生成代替传统的累加生成方法 ,并用双向差分建立积分GM (1,1)灰色预测模型进行杉木炭疽病预测预报的研究 ,结果表明积分GM (1,1)模型能较好地预测杉木炭疽病在三明市的发生     

陕西省木本植物炭疽菌分类研究

报导了发生在陕西省木本植物上的炭疽菌属ＣｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍＣｏｒｄａ３个种，其中包括１个中国新纪录种，即：胶孢炭疽菌Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｇｌｏｅｏｐｏｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｐｅｎｚ）。Ｓａｃｃ，壳皮炭疽菌Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ（Ｓｐｅｇ．）Ａｒｘ和梭孢炭疽菌ＣｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍａｃｕｔａｔｕｍＳｉｍｍｏｎｄｓ（中国新纪录种）。