Comparative spatial analysis of the sooty blotch/flyspeck disease complex,bull’s eye and bitter rots of apples

The incidence of sooty blotch/flyspeck (SBFS) and bitter and bull’s eye rots were assessed in a Fuji apple orchard during two seasons. Using a regular sampling design, 252 trees were selected and 20 fruits per tree were sampled at harvest and scored for disease incidence. For bitter and bull’s eye rots, additional assessments were made on all symptomless fruit after a 30‐day period of storage. Randomness in the spatial pattern was assessed using beta‐binomial analysis of incidence data for three sampling scales (one, three or six adjacent trees as sampling units) and using Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (sadie ) for disease counts for the 3‐tree sampling scale. sadie was also used for testing spatial associations between a pair of diseases, between years for the same disease or between rotted and latently infected fruit. Using a toroidal‐shifts procedure, 360 maps of disease counts were created based on the observed data, which were further analysed using sadie . Most datasets showed an aggregated spatial pattern, which was more consistent for the two fruit rots than SBFS, which showed distinct patterns depending on the year or method of analysis. The two fruit rots were spatially associated in most situations but SBFS and bull’s eye rot were dissociated in one season. Results from virtual orchards showed that the patterns observed in the original maps may accurately represent those in similar apple‐growing areas. Hypotheses regarding aspects of ecology and epidemiology of pathogens studied and potential efficacy of control measures in the region are discussed.     

江西瑞昌山药炭疽病菌的形态及分子鉴定

为了明确江西瑞昌山药炭疽病病原菌种类归属,本文从当地采集呈典型症状的炭疽病叶片进行了病原菌分离鉴定.通过组织分离获得8个在培养性状和分生孢子形态大小均一致且均具有致病性的分离株,8个分离株在PDA平板上菌落初为白色,后变为灰色至深灰色,菌落中央产生橘红色黏质分生孢子团.分生孢子无色,长椭圆形至纺锤形,单胞,大小为(15.6~18.0)μm×(3.6~6.0)μm.对其中之一的分离株YRRC-1进行rDNA-ITS区段扩增和序列测定,获得长度为536 bp的rDNA-ITS序列,该序列与胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的对应序列同源性达100%.根据分离病菌的培养特征、形态大小和序列鉴定结果,认为瑞昌山药炭疽病菌属于胶孢炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides).     

硫酸铜对柑橘和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响

在PDA培养基培养条件下,研究不同浓度的CuSO4对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌生长状况、产孢量、孢子萌发率的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,1 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响最大,完全抑制了这两种病菌的生长和产孢;0.2 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响也非常明显,不仅较大程度地抑制了这两种病菌的生长和产孢,而且使这两种孢子的萌发率均低于19%;0.1 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响较大;0.02 g/mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响较小。由此可以初步得出,0.2 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的抑制效果显著,可以作为抑制这两种病菌的临界浓度。     

海南省西瓜炭疽病菌生物学特性及药剂毒力测定

[目的]研究西瓜炭疽病菌的生物学特性并初步筛选其杀菌剂。[方法]从海南省大棚西瓜基地采集病样分离得到病原菌,对该病菌进行了生物学特性研究及杀菌剂室内毒力测定。[结果]西瓜炭疽病菌菌丝在西瓜叶煎汁培养基上生长最好;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为28和30℃;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适pH分别为7～9和6～8;连续黑暗条件下菌丝生长最好;孢子致死温度为55℃水浴处理5 min;以麦芽糖、阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖作为碳源的基础培养基有利于菌丝生长;以酵母浸粉、牛肉浸膏和蛋白胨作为氮源的基础培养基有利于菌丝生长。32.5%苯甲嘧菌酯SC、50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP和10%苯醚甲环唑WG对西瓜炭疽病菌菌丝生长均有很好的抑制效果,其EC50分别为0.018 0、0.060 2和0.471 5μg/ml。[结论]为田间防治西瓜炭疽病提供了理论依据。     

广西杧果象牙品种果腐病病原菌种类鉴定

广西杧果象牙品种发生的果腐病,经病原鉴定,其种类为杧果炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.)和杧果大茎点菌(Macrophoma mangiferae Hingoroai et Sharma)。这2种菌均可侵染杧果引起果腐病,其病状虽有相似性,但病症有明显差异。杧果炭疽菌果腐病病斑上生轮纹状小黑点,其顶端有黄褐色颗粒状物;杧果大茎点菌果腐病病斑生小黑点,小而密,其上无颗粒状物。     

浙江地区不同寄主来源的炭疽菌ITS序列PCR-RFLP多态性分析

应用核糖体DNA (ribo-somal DNA,rDNA)的ITS( internal transcribed spacer,ITS)区的RFLP序列的多态性,分析32个不同寄主来源的炭疽菌株的遗传多样性.利用ITS1及ITS4通用引物对扩增各菌株的rDNA的内转录间隔区(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)获得长约600 bp片段.ITS-RFLP共迁带UPGMA聚类分析的结果表明所有来自不同寄主的炭疽菌菌株(含福建及云南菌株)都以较高的相似系数(＞0.60)聚为一类,具有较近的 亲缘关系;同时试验中所有酶切位点的综合Gst系数达到0.82,说明不同菌株间的ITS具有丰富的多态性.     

中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病原菌的抑制效果

为了对无公害蔬菜病害的防治提供参考,采用生长速率法,将6种中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果表明:6种中草药提取物中,黄岑提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果最好,EC50值最低,分别为8.56mL/L和8.65mL/L;大黄提取物对2种病菌抑菌活性最差,EC50值分别为104.32和269.43;苦参、金银花、板蓝根和补骨脂提取物的抑菌活性表现中等。     

梨轮纹病和炭疽病病原菌PCR检测

为建立梨轮纹病原菌和炭疽病病原菌的分子检测方法,根据GenBank上炭疽病原菌和轮纹病原菌不同种的ITS序列差异设计2对引物TJ1/TJ2和LW1/LW2,对2种病原菌菌株进行扩增,比较了常规PCR和巢式PCR的检测灵敏度,并对果园中接种梨轮纹病原菌的梨果实进行检测。结果表明,建立的PCR体系可分别从炭疽病原菌和轮纹病原菌菌株扩增出317 bp和325 bp的特异性条带,对其他相似或相近的病原真菌则无扩增条带。巢式PCR技术的灵敏度比常规PCR提高了约105倍,且可以在接种较低浓度(1 ml 10个)轮纹病原菌孢子液7 d后的梨果实组织中检测到病原菌。说明使用巢式PCR技术,可以准确、灵敏地监测梨轮纹病原菌在果园的种群消长动态。     

31 种植物甲醇提取物对荔枝霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌的抑菌活性测定

以荔枝霜疫霉菌(Peronophythora litchii)和荔枝炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)两种荔枝上最为重要的病原真菌为供试菌,采用含毒介质的生长速率培养法,对采自广东省的31种植物的甲醇提取物对病原菌菌丝线性生长的抑菌活性进行离体测定。结果表明:在0.01 g/mL浓度下,对荔枝霜疫霉菌抑菌率大于60%的植物有9种,其中黄石斛(Dendrobium tosaense)、毛唇芋兰(Nervilia fordii)、葛(Pueraria phaseoloides)和土牛七(Thunbergia grandiflora)4种植物甲醇提取物的抑菌率达到100%;对荔枝炭疽病菌抑菌率大于60%的植物有2种,其中一点红(Emilia sonchifolia)的抑菌率达到100%,地丁草(Corydalis bungeana)的抑菌率为71.35%;同时对两种病原菌的抑菌率都大于50%的是地丁草(C.bungeana)。