先旱后涝胁迫下水稻茎蘖及株高动态响应

为了解先旱后涝胁迫下水稻的茎蘖和株高生长动态,采用测坑试验方法研究先旱后涝胁迫对水稻分蘖数和株高的影响,根据分蘖变化拟合分析了水稻茎蘖消长动力学模型,根据株高动态变化拟合了Logistic增长模型.试验结果表明:先旱后涝胁迫过程在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期均不同程度地抑制水稻分蘖;水稻在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受涝可促进株高增长,在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受旱则抑制株高增长;茎蘖消长动力学模型较好地拟合了茎蘖消长的过程,具有实践意义;Logistic模型拟合株高动态变化拟合度也较高,且适用合理.研究结果可为合理制定灌溉方案和提高水稻产量提供依据.     

Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.     

优质香型粳稻绥粳4号精确定量氮肥技术研究

随着人民生活水平大幅提高,近几年市场对香米的需求量不断增加,香型水稻绥粳4号种植面积越来越大,很多农民在种植绥粳4号时,在肥料的使用上有很大的盲目性,尤其是氮肥。对此,该试验设计低﹑中﹑高3个氮肥量和氮肥基蘖肥与穗粒肥4个不同比例处理的研究。结果表明:绥粳4号在高肥,氮肥基蘖肥与穗粒肥的比例7∶3条件下分蘖较多,空瘪率较低,产量表现最好。     

水稻分蘖与植株碳氮化合物含量和分蘖相关基因表达量关系分析

以分蘖特性不同的4个寒地粳稻品种和2个籼稻品种为供试材料,通过盆栽试验研究水稻分蘖发生与植株可溶性糖、全氮含量及分蘖相关基因转录表达量关系。结果表明,分蘖发生起始时间、速度及最高茎数等分蘖特性主要受遗传因素控制,穗数型品种分蘖早生快发;在分蘖过程中高分蘖品种植株可溶性糖含量和糖氮比均显著高于低分蘖品种,全氮含量与此相反;分蘖过程中高分蘖品种OsTB1、OsD3和OsD14基因转录表达量均显著低于低分蘖品种,OsMADS57基因转录表达量均显著高于低分蘖品种;分蘖发生数与分蘖不同时期植株全氮含量呈不显著负相关,与可溶性糖含量、糖氮比及OsMADS57基因转录表达量呈显著正相关,与OsTB1、OsD3、OsD14基因转录表达量呈显著负相关。     

氮胁迫条件下水稻理想株型基因ipa1对氮代谢的影响

利用水稻(Oryza sativa L.)近等基因系NIL-IPA1和NIL-ipa1,研究在施氮与不施氮条件下,理想株型调控基因ipa1在水稻快速分蘖期对氮代谢的影响。结果发现,在施氮条件下,相对于NIL-IPA1植株,NIL-ipa1水稻植株中谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)、NADH谷氨酸合酶(NADH-glutamate synthase,NADH-GOGAT)的活性降低,叶片中游离氨基酸含量减少,但NADH谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADHglutamate dehydrogenase,NADH-GDH)、NAD+谷氨酸脱氢酶(NAD+-glutamate dehydrogenase,NAD+-GDH)活性升高,表明ipa1能够降低水稻植株氮素同化效率,同时提高氮素重复利用率。在不施氮条件下,NIL-IPA1和NIL-ipa1植株GS活性提高,NADH-GOGAT、NADH-GDH、NAD+-GDH活性降低,可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量减少,同时发现在NIL-ipa1植株中GS、NADH-GOGAT活性变化相对较小,NAD+-GDH活性相对较低,游离氨基酸含量相对较高,表明ipa1能够降低氮胁迫对水稻植株氮同化效率的影响,提高水稻植株对低氮胁迫的抗性。     

双螺旋旋耕埋草模型刀辊工作扭矩试验

为研究双螺旋旋耕埋草刀辊对水田土壤耕整时的工作性能,以相似原理为理论依据,基于LabVIEW搭建扭矩测试平台,制作与原型大小比例为1∶2的模型刀辊,以工作扭矩为评价指标,以土壤含水率、前进速度、刀辊转速和耕深为试验因素,在室内土槽条件下对该模型刀辊的工作扭矩进行研究。单因素试验结果表明:在试验范围内,模型刀辊的工作扭矩随前进速度的增加而增大,随刀辊转速的增加而减小。选取L18(37)正交表,开展上述4因素对模型刀辊工作扭矩影响的正交试验,极差结果显示,土壤含水率、耕深、前进速度及刀辊转速对模型刀辊的工作扭矩的影响程度依次降低,方差分析结果显示,土壤含水率、耕深、前进速度对工作扭矩有极显著的影响,刀辊转速对工作扭矩影响不显著。     

基于强度比较的微耕机刀轴的优化设计

选择型号为ISG9-50的旋耕机刀轴作为强度基准,在对基准刀轴和原设计的微耕机刀轴进行应力分析和比较的基础上,对原微耕机刀轴进行了改进设计,该研究为合理利用材料,降低产品成本,尤其为机械结构的优化设计提供了一种新方法。改进的微耕机刀轴,由原来直径为Ф19的实心轴,变为尺寸20 mm×8 mm×6 mm(外径×内径×壁厚)的空心轴,耗材减少了7%,最大等效应力为55.808 MPa,减小了8.3%,且小于旋耕机刀轴的最大等效应力56.818 MPa。改进后刀轴最大变形0.020 2 mm,小于原设计的0.020 6 mm,也小于基准刀轴的0.029 34 mm。结果表明若新设计零件与基准产品具有相同的应力和应变,则两者的强度可靠性相同。改进后的微耕机刀轴,具有更合理的受力、结构和尺寸。     

微耕机水田旋耕刀片切土作业过程动力学仿真

针对微耕机旋耕作业部件与水田土壤间的作用机理研究匮乏,作业过程出现碎土性能差、效率低、和功耗大等问题,以1WGQ4型微耕机为对象,采用有限元法(FEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学方法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)的耦合方法,构建土壤-旋耕作业部件系统的动力学仿真模型,在细观上对旋耕作业部件刀片与水田土壤间的作用过程进行动力学分析。结果表明:构建的土壤-旋耕作业部件系统的动力学仿真模型精度高;水田旋耕刀片向后抛起的土壤少,与挡板碰撞破碎的土壤少,水田微耕机采用前耕后驱设计方案有利于提高其碎土性能。     

Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management on Plant Crop and Successive First and Second Ratoon Crops of Sugarcane in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Experiments were carried out with the objectives to reduce the yield gap of plant and subsequent ratoon crops, evaluate juice quality, as well as soil properties. A 3-year field experiment was utilized to assess the use of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers on plant and subsequent ratoon crops. The organic materials included press mud, farmyard manure (FYM), and green manure (GM) of Sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea); the fertilizers were urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MOP), gypsum, and zinc sulphate. Farm yard manure was applied at a rate of 15 t ha^?1 accompanied with a chemical fertilizer (N₁₇₈P₅₃K₅₄S₂₆Zn_2.6kg ha^?1), which produced yield of 108.4, 96.8, and 73.5 t ha^?1 in plant cane, first, and second ratoon crops, respectively. Cane yields in the first were recorded in plant cane first and second ratoon crops, respectively. Cane yields in the first and second ratoon crops were 89.3 and 67.8% of plant crop, respectively. Juice quality parameters viz., Brix, pol and purity percent progressively increased in ratoons crops as compared to corresponding plant cane. The organic carbon, total N, and available P, K, &; S contents of soils increased slightly due to incorporation of organic materials. The result of the study revealed that 25% reduction of inorganic fertilizer with FYM or press mud at 15 t ha^?1 in plant cane and addition of 50% more N with same amount of fertilizer suggested for plant cane showed better yield and improved juice quality in first and second ratoon crops of sugarcane.     

基于离散元与多体动力学的微耕机旋耕刀轴负荷分析

旋耕部件是微耕机的核心部件,其耕作性能的优劣直接影响微耕机的耕作效率和作业质量。以重庆地区典型的旋耕刀辊和土壤为对象,基于离散元和多体动力学理论,设定前进速度为0.2 m·s^-1,转速为110 r·min^-1,耕深为150和200 mm,采用非线性粘弹性塑性接触模型,在EDEM和Recurdyn软件平台上实现了刀辊耕作过程的模拟分析;同时,依托已有的土槽试验平台,测试了相同工况下刀轴的等效扭矩。模拟与试验的对比分析结果表明：同一刀轴上不同刀盘的扭矩变化规律相似,但数值并不一致,整个刀轴所受的等效扭矩不能简单地理解为单个刀盘所受扭矩与刀盘数的乘积;耕作深度为150、200 mm时刀轴等效扭矩的变化规律一致,模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差分别为14.01%、11.49%。研究结果可为探讨旋耕刀与土壤的相互作用,优化微耕机作业性能提供参考。