盐胁迫下水稻苗高和分蘖数的发育动态QTL分析

为了检测盐胁迫下水稻苗高和分蘖数的发育动态QTL,以粳稻品种东农425和长白10为亲本衍生的F2:3群体为试验材料,构建了包含123个SSR标记,全长为1 616.53 c M,平均图距为13.14 c M的遗传连锁图谱。以浓度为6 ds·m-1的Na Cl水溶液进行大田生育期灌溉,正常水灌溉为对照,对盐胁迫下水稻的苗高和分蘖数进行发育动态QTL分析。分别利用完备区间作图法和混合线性模型的QTL定位方法,联合盐胁迫与正常条件下6个发育时期苗高和分蘖数的表型数据,共检测到6个控制盐胁迫下水稻苗高和3个控制分蘖数的加性QTL、4个控制正常条件下苗高和5个控制分蘖数的加性QTL、盐胁迫和正常条件联合下的6个控制苗高和4个控制分蘖数的加性QTL,以及3对控制苗高和1对控制分蘖数的上位性QTL。加性QTL q SH1在t3、t4和t2/t1时期分别用非条件和条件方法检测到,加性QTL q TN8-2在t2、t3、t4和t5时期被连续用非条件方法检测到,在t3/t2时期用条件方法被检测到。分别检测到4个控制苗高和2个控制分蘖数的加性QTL与盐胁迫环境存在互作效应,控制苗高的3对上位性QTL和控制分蘖数的1对上位性QTL均与盐胁迫环境发生互作。本研究旨在检测不同发育时期控制盐胁迫下水稻苗高和分蘖数的QTL,并分析与盐环境的互作效应,为解析苗高和分蘖数在盐胁迫下的发育遗传特点和水稻耐盐QTL分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据。     

液压调节行距马铃薯中耕培土机设计研究

由于各地马铃薯种植习惯和马铃薯种植机械的限制,马铃薯的垄距不尽相同,土壤性质也有较大的差异。马铃薯的中耕作业设备调节行距装置仅限于机械调节方式,操作不灵活且影响中耕效率。为此,研制了一种液压调节机组行距的中耕机,以适用于不同垄距的马铃薯中耕培土作业。该中耕机液压调节装置可同时调整松土铲和培土器组成的机组,培土器也可根据土壤性质无级调节培土幅度。经过在胶州马铃薯种植田地的中耕培土试验,结果表明:液压调节行距马铃薯中耕机实用性强,中耕伤苗率较低,培土垄型符合要求,可为以后的马铃薯中耕设备液压调控、智能集成提供理论依据。     

空育131高产群体的产量构成和分蘖利用

以黑龙江省栽培面积最大的水稻品种空育131为对象,利用不同的肥密处理方式,创造结构和产量不同的群体。结果表明熏空育131产量构成要素中熏对产量直接贡献最大的是单位面积穗数熏其次是每穗粒数,8000kg·hm-2以上产量水平的穗粒结构为每平方米620～660穗和每穗60～65粒,结实率和千粒重对产量也有一定贡献。分蘖成穗率高、分蘖穗比率大的群体产量较高。     

不同茎蘖苗和栽插密度对协优57产量及其主要经济性状的影响

通过三因素的随机区组分析 ,得出组合、密度、不同茎蘖苗、组合×不同茎蘖苗、密度×不同茎蘖苗、组合×密度×不同茎蘖苗之间差异均达极显著水平。且不同茎蘖苗对产量的影响最大。组合以协优 5 7的产量较高 ,密度和秧苗素质以 2 2 .5万穴 /hm2 和 3个茎蘖苗的产量较高 ;组合×不同茎蘖苗以汕优 6 3在茎蘖苗为 3个时产量较高 ,而协优 5 7因其成穗率高 ,穗子大 ,在不同的茎蘖苗下均能获得较高产量 ,说明其适应性强     

旋耕埋草机螺旋横刀制造工艺误差及影响

分析1GMC–70型船式旋耕埋草机核心耕作部件螺旋横刀的制造工艺过程,研究制造工艺误差量及对整机耕作性能的影响。结果发现,由于采用近似加工方式,致使螺旋横刀的旋转轴线与刀辊轴线构成了空间异面直线,两者之间垂直距离为204.2 mm,空间夹角为28.7°;螺旋横刀刃口上各点的旋转半径、静态滑切角和静态切土角等参数波动区间分别为[189.0,200.0]、[14.7°,32.4°]和[70.3°,73.7°]。螺旋横刀端部静态滑切角最小(14.7°)时,属于砍切范畴,导致耕作过程中端部刃口缠草;螺旋横刀端部刃口旋转半径最大(200.0 mm)时,静态切土角最大(73.7°),这些因素影响整机单遍作业耕深。     

Competitive Strategies and Growth of Neighbouring Bromus valdivianus Phil. and Lolium perenne L. Plants Under Water Restriction

Often perennial pastures have to tolerate soil water restriction during summer, which can affect the relative abundance of the most desired species. In the south of Chile, Bromus valdivianus and Lolium perenne are preferred species. The competitiveness of B. valdivianus and L. perenne was evaluated when sown in pots in a glasshouse as monocultures or a mix (50/50 %) with restricted water availability. The water restriction treatments were as follows: 80–85 % field capacity (FC), 45–50 % FC and 20–25 % FC, maintained for 1196 growing degree days. For both species, dry matter (DM) accumulated per plant and per pot decreased similarly with increasing water restriction, but at tiller level, resource allocation differed, for B. valdivianus root growth was accentuated over aerial development, but this was less so for L. perenne. The foliage mass per tiller for B. valdivianus decreased relatively more than that for L. perenne with increasing water restriction. As monocultures, B. valdivianus produced larger tillers than L. perenne, such that B. valdivianus tillers had 2.2 times greater lamina mass, 3.6 times more leaf area and 2.5 times greater root mass than those of L. perenne. However, L. perenne produced a larger number of smaller tillers that enabled foliage, root and total mass at plant level, to be similar to that of B. valdivianus. Within the mixed pasture, L. perenne tiller density increased compared with when grown as a monoculture, but not for B. valdivianus. The results of the study suggested that L. perenne and B. valdivianus have differences in growth strategies that allow them to survive under environmental stress and competition. Competitiveness increased for L. perenne aboveground without water restriction and that for B. valdivianus increased belowground as water restriction was increased.     

基于模糊可靠性的旋耕起垄机刀轴优化设计

为了使旋耕起垄机刀轴的设计趋于合理,满足实际工作需要,充分考虑设计中的模糊因素,将机械可靠性与模糊优化设计方法相结合,以刀轴质量最轻和可靠度最高为目标函数,建立了刀轴的模糊可靠性优化设计模型,并对实际机型的刀轴参数进行优化。     

Tiller fertility is critical for improving grain yield,photosynthesis, and nitrogen efficiency in wheat

Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during the past decades. Therefore, the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin, China since the 2000s. However, the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown. This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’ increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019. Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years. The cultivars were grouped into high (HH), medium (MM), and low (LL) grain yield and NUE groups. The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE. High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing post-anthesis single-stem biomass. Compared to other groups, the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis. It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis, which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem, including stem and leaf sheath, leaf blade, and unit leaf area at pre-anthesis, and promoting N uptake efficiency, the main contribution of high NUE. Moreover, tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem, N accumulation per unit leaf area, leaf stay-green ability, and flag leaf photosynthetic rate, which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake, leaf N accumulation, and photosynthetic ability, thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE. Therefore, tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.     

再生稻头季机割高度对再生季形态发育和产量的影响

为探索再生稻机械化生产中头季机割高度对再生分蘗生育的影响,设置头季机割高度试验,结果表明:(1)再生分蘗由头季稻桩上的茎生腋芽萌发而来。头季采用低桩机割(割桩高度12cm),割去倒2、3节腋芽,再生季成穗分蘗为倒4、5节腋芽萌发的分蘗及其子蘗,成穗数较多,穗子较大,晚育晚熟;(2)头季采用高桩机割(割桩高度35cm),出现2类株行,其中一类有70%株行,稻桩保留全部茎生腋芽,但以倒2、3节腋芽萌发的分蘗为主,子蘗少,成穗数较少,穗子较小,早育早熟;另一类有30%株行,稻桩遭收割机链轨碾轧,于距地表高15cm左右较细弱的部位折损,倒2、3节腋芽失活,再生季成穗分蘗为倒4、5节腋芽萌发的分蘗及其子蘗,与低桩机割株行类似,穗子较大,晚育晚熟,但两类株行成熟期相距15d,收获顾此失彼;(3)再生稻头季地上部有6个节间,其中着生倒4、5节腋芽所属的2个基部节间粗短坚硬,距地表高(5±2)cm;着生倒2、3节腋芽所属的中部节间细长脆弱,弯曲力矩大,遭收割机链轨碾轧或大风雨袭击时最易折损。头季低桩机割的适宜割桩高度是基部2个节间高度加5~8cm保护段,即距地表高12~15cm,过低将伤及倒4、5节腋芽,过高则出现两类株行,熟期参差。     

盐碱土壤施用不同生物有机肥对大麦生长和产量的影响

在大田条件下,以大麦花22为试材,研究不同有机肥品种对大麦生长、茎蘖动态、成熟性状及产量的影响。结果表明:与当地习惯施肥(不施有机肥,常规施氮)相比,3种配施生物有机肥(联业生物肥、通微腐殖酸肥、温兴蚯蚓肥)处理,大麦分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒质量等均明显提高,而每穗粒数、穗长、株高等有所降低。腐植酸肥与常规施氮组合处理下的大麦产量最高,比仅常规施氮处理的增产8.54%。减氮10%并配施生物有机肥(腐殖酸肥或蚯蚓肥)处理的分别比常规施氮处理的增产0.22%和1.43%。本结果说明生物有机肥的施用有利于促进氮肥的减量化使用。