水稻株型相关基因的定位与克隆研究进展

水稻株型相关性状包括分蘖数、分蘖夹角、株高及穗部性状。株型相关性状都是重要的农艺性状,是水稻产量因素的重要组成部分。株型形成涉及到一系列基因的表达和表达产物行使功能,因此对这些基因的挖掘和功能分析具有重要意义。目前,虽尚未完全了解控制株型相关性状的基因及其功能,但也已取得了日新月异的进展。本文针对各个株型相关性状,综述了已鉴定的基因及其功能特点,以为分子育种运用及进一步遗传生理研究作理论基础。     

Assessing population maturity of three perennial grass species: Influence of phenology and tiller demography along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients

To assess the whole‐sward maturity, which is a primary concern for grassland managers, we studied three forage grass species with contrasting phenology over a range of climatic conditions among sites. We considered two main issues: (i) How is grass population maturity related to population phenology, and is this relation affected by environmental factors? and (ii) Is the sum of temperatures a good index to describe phenological development under contrasting climates? To explore the role of temperature accumulation in species population development, we described the phenological development of populations of three grass species along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients at eight locations across France. We used a numerical index of tiller development to quantify sward morphological structure and discriminate phenological peak from average maturity. We report that phenological development rates were similar among sites for each species, but required fewer growing degree days to start at higher latitudes and altitudes. However, we found that population maturity and phenological peak differed significantly due to among‐site variability in vegetative tiller percentage in whole‐population biomass. Our results underlined the importance of considering tiller distribution among phenological stages, especially tiller development synchrony, together with phenology to assess sward maturity in semi‐natural permanent grasslands.     

The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 7. Sustainability of white clover in grass/clover swards with reduced levels of fertilizer nitrogen

The sustainability of white clover in grass/clover swards of an upland sheep system, which included silage making, was studied over 5 years for four nitrogen fertilizer rates [0 (N₀), 50 (N₅₀), 100 (N₁₀₀) and 150 (N₁₅₀) kg N ha^?1]. A common stocking rate of 6 ewes ha^?1 was used at all rates of N fertilizer with additional stocking rates at the N₀ fertilizer rate of 4 ewes ha^?1 and at the N₁₅₀ fertilizer rate of 10 ewes ha^?1. Grazed sward height was controlled, for ewes with their lambs, from spring until weaning in late summer by adjusting the proportions of the total area to be grazed in response to changes in herbage growth; surplus pasture areas were harvested for silage. Thereafter sward height was controlled on separate areas for ewes and weaned lambs. Areas of pasture continuously grazed in one year were used to make silage in the next year. For treatments N₀ and N₁₅₀, white clover stolon densities (s.e.m.) were 7670 (205·4) and 2296 (99·8) cm m^?2, growing point densities were 4459 (148·9) and 1584 (76·0) m^?2 and growing point densities per unit length of stolon were 0·71 (0·015) and 0·67 (0·026) cm^?1 respectively, while grass tiller densities were 13 765 (209·1) and 18 825 (269·9) m^?2 for treatments N₀ and N₁₅₀ respectively. White clover stolon density increased over the first year from 780 (91·7) cm m^?2 and was maintained thereafter until year 5, reaching 8234 (814·3) and 2787 (570·8) cm m^?2 for treatments N₀ and N₁₅₀ respectively. Growing point density of white clover increased on treatment N₀ from 705 (123·1) m^?2 to 2734 (260·7) m^?2 in year 5 and it returned to the initial level on treatment N₁₅₀ having peaked in the intermediate years. Stolon density of white clover was maintained when the management involved the annual interchange of continuously grazed and ensiled areas. The non‐grazing period during ensiling reduced grass tiller density during the late spring and summer, when white clover has the most competitive advantage in relation to grass. The increase in stolon length of white clover in this period appears to compensate for the loss of stolon during periods when the sward is grazed and over winter when white clover is at a competitive disadvantage in relation to grass. The implications for the management of sheep systems and the sustainability of white clover are discussed.     

基于EDEM的双翼式深松铲设计与仿真试验

设计了一种由铲柄、铲翼及铲尖组成的双翼式深松铲,建立了基于EDEM离散元仿真模型,分析确定了双翼式深松铲主要工作参数及结构参数并进行仿真试验.结果表明,在试验范围内,双翼式深松铲耕作阻力F随铲翼翻土角γ及起土角α增大而增小,随耕作速度v先减小后增大.当双翼式深松铲铲翼翻土角γ取30°、起土角α取30°、耕作速度v取0.75 m/s时,双翼式深松铲耕作阻力F最小.土槽试验结果表明,双翼式深松铲作业时,土壤沿铲翼后部自动向内及后方迁移,土壤原地翻转,不堆积在侧边地表且两侧扰动小.     

刈割对缘毛雀麦3个品系再生的影响

在缘毛雀麦Bromus ciliatus 3个品系生长进入拔节期后,通过不同留茬高度（0～2、2～4、4～6 cm）的刈割处理,对其再生特性进行了测定分析。结果表明：各品系留茬高度与牧草再生速度呈显著正相关(r=0.724 1,P<0.05),其中9708品系留茬4～6 cm刈割后再生速度较快,9714品系留茬0～2 cm刈割后再生速度较慢;在同样刈割处理条件下,9708品系和9714品系再生分蘖数无差异(P>0.05),9701品系在第2次刈割留茬4～6 cm时,再生分蘖数显著(P<0.05)高于其他2个品系;随留茬高度的增加,9701品系和9708品系的总干草产量递增,而9714品系的总干草产量却呈递减趋势。9701品系和9708品系的适宜留茬高度为4～6 cm,9714品系适宜留茬高度是0～2 cm。     

水稻不同节位和数量分蘖对经济产量的作用

试验在盆栽条件下采用人工剔除特定节位分蘖的方法研究水稻不同节位的生产能力、生长冗余现象以及产量的补偿能力。结果如下:不同处理水稻单株的有效穗数与单株产量、抽穗期单株叶面积及单株生物量有极显著的正相关,与平均穗重呈极显著的负相关;早发的低节位分蘖(1,2,3)是增加有效穗数、抽穗期叶面积及生物量的主要节位,但低节位分蘖同时也是导致水稻生长冗余,加剧资源消耗的主要节位;当低节位分蘖空位时,中节位(4,5,6)或高节位的分蘖(7,8,9)将会发挥其补偿潜力,虽有效穗减少,但平均穗重变大。     

分蘖洋葱对西式香肠品质及储藏特性的影响

为研究不同添加量分蘖洋葱对西式香肠品质的影响以及储藏期内产品特性的变化,在西式香肠加工中,分别添加10%、20%(以原料肉计)分蘖洋葱汁,同时以未添加分蘖洋葱汁处理为对照,分析产品的色差、质构、挥发性风味成分变化,并通过硫代巴比妥酸值来评价西式香肠在储藏过程中的脂肪氧化程度。结果表明:添加分蘖洋葱汁的西式香肠亮度值增加,红度值有所降低;添加10%分蘖洋葱汁能够显著降低香肠的硬度和咀嚼性,提高香肠的黏着性,同时还可以保持香肠的弹性不变,使香肠具有良好的口感。各类挥发性风味物质的种类产生明显变化,储藏期间脂肪氧化程度随着分蘖洋葱汁添加量的增加而降低。分蘖洋葱汁的添加不仅改善了西式香肠的色泽、口感和风味,同时抑制了西式香肠在储藏期间的脂肪氧化,这为西式香肠的生产及储藏提供了新思路。     

盐碱胁迫对寒地粳稻产量形成机理的研究

采用三个寒地粳稻品种和不同盐碱度盐碱土进行盆栽试验,探讨了盐碱胁迫对寒地粳稻产量形成的影响机理。结果表明:随土壤盐碱度的增加,水稻生育期延迟、分蘖数下降,每穴有效穗数、成穗率与千粒重呈明显降低趋势,且品种间差异较大;方差分析表明,盐碱胁迫下水稻减产主要是通过降低每穴穗数、成穗率与千粒重来实现的,轻度盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱品种吉玉粳、绥粳5产量降幅较小,而中度和重度盐碱胁迫下产量则极显著下降,而对照品种松粳6各处理间产量差异均极显著。因此,寒地盐碱稻作区水稻生产,应以提高水稻有效穗数、成穗率、千粒重为目标,选择盐碱度适宜的盐碱地和耐盐碱性较强的寒地粳稻品种。     

不同扰动条件下的羊草种群生物量年龄结构

对西辽河平原天然草地不同干扰条件下羊草种群的生物量结构进行了调查与分析。结果表明，干扰强度小的生境羊草种群分蘖株由4个龄级组成，其生物量为稳定型年龄结构；干扰强度大的生境有3个龄级，为增长型年龄结构。种群年龄结构随干扰强度的增大由稳定型的转向增长型。不同干扰生境根茎生物量均有4个龄级，均呈稳定型年龄结构，并在干扰强度较大条件下高龄级根茎生物量已明显减少。羊草种群在不同的干扰条件下生物量分配策略有明显的差异。     

Adaptation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to harsh Mediterranean environments

Summary Differences in development of the apex may be the reason for cultivar differences in adaptation of barley to terminal drought in Mediterranean environments. The present study was conducted to identify apical development patterns of barley adapted to terminal drought stressed Mediterranean environments and to determine plant characteristics which can be used as criteria to select for an adapted development. Thirty-five two-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) entries were grown at two sites in northern Syria (Tel Hadya and Breda) in 1988/89. Four apical development patterns were observed: a slow or fast vegetative development, depending on the vernalization requirement, combined with a slow or fast generative development, depending on the daylength response of the crop. Early heading was related to fast generative development. Leaf appearance rates on the main shoot were constant during a major part of the pre-anthesis period, but significant differences were observed among development patterns. Genotypic differences in main shoot tiller number were associated with differences in the onset of tiller appearance and not with differences in tiller appearance rate or final leaf number on the main shoot. Since vernalization requirements and daylength responses are largely independent of terminal drought stress, selection for an adapted phenology can be done in favourable environments. Morphological traits related to these responses (winter growth habit, cold tolerance, plant colour, growth vigour, heading date) can be used as criteria for selection for adaptation to low-rainfall Mediterranean environments.