云南水牛mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性研究

[目的] 探究云南3个水牛品种(德宏水牛、滇东南水牛、盐津水牛)的mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性与母系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果] 本研究共分析了215条云南水牛mtDNA D-loop全序列,检测到107个多态位点,定义了86种单倍型。结果表明,云南3个水牛品种的mtDNA遗传多样性非常丰富,其中,滇东南水牛的遗传多样性最高(Hd: 0.946±0.017,Pi: 0.0162±0.0018),盐津水牛的遗传多样性最低(Hd: 0.805±0.063,Pi: 0.0141±0.0031)。系统发育分析结果表明,在3个云南水牛品种中检测到2个主要支系(A和B支系及其亚支系)及一个稀有支系C,其中A支系为主要支系(79.07%),且经历了强烈的群体扩张。[结论] 云南3个水牛品种具有丰富的mtDNA遗传多样性,主要有A与B两个母系起源。     

现代生物技术与蚜虫种下分类

综述了利用现代生物技术，即同功酶分析、线粒体ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ分析以及ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ判别等进行蚜虫种下分类研究的概况与进展，比较了这几种方法在蚜虫种下分类研究中的优缺点。作者认为，同功酶法分析的是基因表达的产物，进行种下分类有局限性，需大量筛选最合适的酶类；ＲＦＬＰ、ＲＡＰＤ方法较准确，但需筛选大量限制性内切酶和随机引物。     

Extreme neutral genetic and morphological divergence supports classification of Adriatic three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations as distinct conservation units

The fact that the intraspecific genetic differentiation in neutral genetic markers and genes coding for adaptive traits are not typically correlated has caused a great deal of conceptual and practical trouble in delimitation of conservation units. Although the importance of combining information on adaptive genetic divergence with information on historical and recent gene flow in the delimitation of conservation units has been recognized, integrated empirical studies to this end are still rare. We explored the evidence for the specific conservation status of two freshwater three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations on the Adriatic side of the Balkan Peninsula by comparing their phenotypic and genetic characteristics to those of other representative European populations. Apart from focusing on the neutral genetic divergence in mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite markers, we also compared the patterns of morphological differentiation (i.e. bony armour development) resulting from adaptation to freshwater environments. The Balkanic populations formed two distinct groups with regard to neutral genetic variation and had the least developed bony armour of all the examined populations. All morphometric analyses identified the two Balkanic populations as phenotypically – and hence most likely also ecologically – clearly distinct from other European three-spined stickleback populations. These results suggest that the two Balkanic populations (River Neretva and River Zeta) fulfil the most stringent criteria (i.e. lack of genetic and ecological exchangeability) to be classified as conservation units distinct from other European three-spined stickleback populations.     

5种仓储豆象的分子鉴定和检测

本研究以在检疫中经常被截获的5种豆象为研究对象,通过对GenBank中5种豆象mtDNA COⅠ序列的查询,并进行序列比对,共设计了30对引物,通过筛选获得5对能分别鉴定5种豆象的特异引物,并用50、25、10、5、1、0.5、0.1、0.05ng/μL 8个不同浓度系列的豆象DNA模板来检测灵敏度,结果表明,豌豆象和四纹豆象特异引物对的灵敏度为0.1ng/μL,蚕豆象、菜豆象和绿豆象特异引物对的灵敏度为0.5ng/μL。该方法可用于快速准确地鉴定5种豆象,对于豆象类害虫的检测监测具有重要意义。     

略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的遗传多样性分析

为了研究略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop）的遗传多样性和起源,本研究对30只略阳乌鸡样品的mtDNA D-loop全序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的其他鸡的D-loop区序列,分析略阳乌鸡线粒体多态性及其起源。结果表明,略阳乌鸡mtDNA D-loop区全序列中,A、C、G、T平均含量分别为26.6%、26.6%、13.4%和33.4%,26个核苷酸多态位点均为转换位点,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.00705,单倍型变异度（Hd）为1.000,中性检验Tajima's D值为-0.47272。通过群体构建的系统进化树发现,略阳乌鸡样品在系统进化树上聚为4大分支。研究结果表明,略阳乌鸡群体内个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性丰富,揭示略阳乌鸡在遗传组成上具有4个母系来源。     

Genetic diversity within two Tunisian wild jirds: Meriones shawi and Meriones libycus (Rodentia,Gerbillinae)

Three Meriones species inhabit Tunisia, namely M. shawi, M. libycus and M. crassus, but little genetic data exist on these gerbils. We collected Meriones from eight localities in Tunisia, and obtained mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (IRBP) gene sequence data for 37 and 13 specimens, respectively, belonging to two species: M. shawi and M. libycus. We also optimised three microsatellite markers previously described in M. unguiculatus to obtain a finer analysis of their genetic diversity and geographic structure, given their wide distribution. Phylogenetic inferences of cyt b and IRBP data for these species, in the context of other gerbillin data, corroborate their taxonomic affinities reported by previous studies. High cyt b haplotype diversity was observed in both species (25 haplotypes in 29 and 27 sequences for M. shawi and M. libycus, respectively) with little geographical structure for M. shawi but three divergent groups in M. libycus. The average microsatellite diversity within each population was high (H_O ≥ 0.6, H_E ≥ 0.8) with M. libycus populations attaining the highest values. Population differentiation was moderate for several population pairs (F_st ≥ 0.1), the highest being between M. shawi populations. However, genetic distance among populations was not significantly correlated with geographic distance in either M. shawi or M. libycus. Our results contribute to a better characterisation of Tunisian Meriones species, suggesting high geographic structure in mtDNA of M. libycus populations within North Africa.     

四川马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型、生理小种、甲霜灵敏感性 及mtDNA单倍型组成分析

【目的】对马铃薯晚疫病菌群体特征进行系统分析,为马铃薯晚疫病的防控提供科学依据。【方法】对2008—2011年采集自四川的马铃薯晚疫病菌的交配型、甲霜灵敏感性、生理小种及mtDNA单倍型进行分析。【结果】四川马铃薯晚疫病菌以A2交配型为主,占测定菌株的62.5%,A1交配型和自育型菌株的发生频率分别为18.8%和18.4%,A1交配型菌株集中在九龙县和普格县。192个菌株中共测定出55个生理小种,其中生理小种1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11发生频率最高,99.48%的供试菌株含有多个毒力基因。甲霜灵敏感性测定发现四川马铃薯晚疫病菌群体包含抗性、中抗和敏感菌株,分别占测定菌株的63.0%、22.0%和15.0%,敏感菌株分布于普格县、道孚县和九龙县。检测到四川马铃薯晚疫病菌有Ⅰa和Ⅱa两种单倍型,分别占测定菌株的97.4%和2.6%,为第二次全球迁移后出现的“新”群体,Ⅰa单倍型马铃薯晚疫病菌广泛分布于四川各马铃薯产区,其中存在A1交配型、A2交配型、自育型和未知交配型菌株。【结论】四川马铃薯晚疫病菌群体组成日趋复杂,亟待发掘新抗源和培育水平抗病品种,以及合理布局已有抗病品种和利用马铃薯晚疫病预警系统,科学防控马铃薯晚疫病。     

DNA技术在羊毛羊绒鉴别中的应用

羊绒与羊毛的鉴别一直是当前面临的难题,以DNA为基础的检测方法由于准确灵敏,目前已成为毛绒鉴别中最可靠的方法。文中对毛绒的DNA鉴别方法及难点进行了综述,以期为毛绒准确鉴别提供参考。     

西藏牦牛12SrRNA基因全序列测定及系统进化关系

以西藏11个地区的牦牛类群共计110头为研究对象,采用PCR方法,首次从耳组织总DNA中扩增出了线粒体12SrRNA基因,并进行了序列测定及分析。结果表明,该基因的长962～965bp;序列分析表明12SrRNA基因有较高的进化速率,11个地区的牦牛品种同源性相对较高;对11种类群的牦牛及亚洲水牛、非洲水牛、欧洲野牛和家牛四种牛亚科的12SrRNA基因序列建立NJ和ME分子进化树,结果显示帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛、巴青牦牛、丁青牦牛、江达牦牛、工布江达牦牛、康布牦牛与桑日牦牛的亲缘关系最近。     

云南龙陵黄山羊线粒体DNA限制性酶切分析

 采用碱性变性法提取来自于龙陵县不同地区的18只黄山羊个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA),并用ApaⅠ,AvaⅠ,BamHⅠ,BclⅠ,BglⅠ,BglⅡ,ClaⅠ,DraⅠ,EcoRⅠ,EcoRⅤ,HaeⅠ,HindⅢ,KpnⅠ,PstⅠ,PvuⅡ,SacⅠ,SalⅠ,SmaⅠ,StuⅠ和XhoⅠ等20种限制性内切酶进行酶切分析.结果发现龙陵黄山羊线粒体DNA的分子量大小约为15.8Kb;不同酶的酶切位点分别为:DraⅠ有7个酶切位点,AvaⅡ有6个酶切位点,EcoRⅤ和StuⅠ共有5个酶切位点,HindⅢ和HeaⅡ有4个酶切位点,BamHⅠ,BglⅡ,PstⅠ和PvuⅡ有3个酶切位点,ApaⅠ,ClaⅠ有2个酶切位点,其余有1个酶切位点.