Effects on Maize Starch Properties of Heat-treatment with Water–ethanol Mixtures

Maize starch (1 part) was heated at 120 °C for 20 min in water–ethanol mixtures (5 volumes), in which the water content varied over the range 0–70%, and the product solvent-exchanged with acetone. On treatment with mixtures containing 40–60% water, the swelling power and solubility at 97 °C decreased and the differences between these values measured at 25 and 97 °C narrowed. The properties of starch treated with a mixture containing 30% water resembled those of heat–moisture treated starch. The values of ΔH and ΔS for swelling were greatly decreased by treatment in mixtures with a water content greater than 20–40% (0·39–0·63 mole fraction). Furthermore, the digestibility ratio ofalpha-amylase (endo-type) to glucoamylase (exo-type) was at a maximum after treatment with a mixture containing 30% water. These findings suggest that rearrangements between the amylose and amylopectin in starch granules are occurring after treatment with mixtures containing more than 30% water. These changes in the starch granule are enhanced when the treatment temperature is increased to 100–130 °C.     

燃料乙醇发酵技术研究进展

世界能源安全正面临挑战.清洁的可再生能源生物质燃料乙醇的发展越来越被重视.从生产原料、酶与微生物、技术和工艺等方面,概述了燃料乙醇发酵技术的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究方向.     

一种适用于蜘蛛标本的DNA提取方法

以蜘蛛标本为实验材料,在研究前人的DNA提取方法的基础上,经过改进后总结出一套适用于蜘蛛标本DNA提取的方法,为分子生物学技术在蜘蛛分类、鉴定和亲缘关系等方面上的应用奠定基础。     

玉米挤压膨化酒精发酵的研究

将玉米挤压膨化后用于酒精发酵，通过正交试验，得出最佳工艺条件：料水比１５，液化酶用量１．０ｍｇ／ｇ原料，糖化酶用量２０．０ｍｇ／ｇ原料，液化时间６０ｍｉｎ，糖化时间２５ｍｉｎ，出酒率达４１．４１％（９６％，Ｖ／Ｖ），比对照试验的低温蒸煮工艺提高出酒率５％左右。并对提高出酒率的原因作了分析。     

云南发展生物质能的比较优势与策略

以燃料乙醇和生物柴油为例,阐述了云南生物质能十分丰富,而油气资源较为贫乏的能源特点,分析了云南发展生物质能源的比较优势,提出了发展策略.     

葡萄酒废酵母中谷胱甘肽的乙醇提取法工艺优化

酵母泥是葡萄酒酿造的主要副产物之一,废酵母泥中富含谷胱甘肽等生物活性物质。通过单因素试验和正交试验,对葡萄酒废酵母中的谷胱甘肽进行乙醇提取法工艺优化,确定最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶10.0(m∶V)、乙醇体积分数35%、浸提时间45 min和浸提温度50℃,在此条件下谷胱甘肽的得率可高达22.1%。     

纤维质生产燃料乙醇产业化研究进展

利用纤维素生物质资源生产燃料乙醇是纤维素类物质工业转化的一个重要方面。本文对国内外纤维燃料乙醇生产中的重要工艺。如原料预处理、纤维素水解、五碳糖与六碳糖发酵等研究情况进行了综述。并对国内外产业化情况进行了介绍。     

卷柏乙醇提取物对14种植物病原菌的抑制活性

采用牛津杯法及琼脂打孔法测定卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina)乙醇提取物对4种植物病原细菌[柑橘溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas carotovora pv.citri、姜瘟病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)、水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)、大白菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora pv.carotovora)]的抗菌活性.结果表明,在浓度为1 mg/mL时,卷柏乙醇提取物对4种供试细菌具有较好的抑制活性,抑菌圈直径13.6～15.3mm,对姜瘟病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌的最低抑菌浓度为125 μg/mL.采用生长速率法测定提取物对10种植物病原真菌[香蕉酸腐病菌(Geotrichum candidum Link ex Pers)、苹果轮纹病菌(Physalospora nasei)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mli)、玉米小斑病菌(Helninthosporiun maydwas)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Sphaceloma ampelinum)、苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternarial ternate f.sp.mali)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)、番茄棉腐病菌(Pythium ultimum)]的抑制作用,发现除对苹果轮纹病菌的抑制效果较好外(抑制率为56.3％),对其余供试菌的抑制率均低于50％.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对有机酸及乙醇的抗性比较

为比较蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对环境压力的抗性,该文主要研究了4种有机酸（乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸和苹果酸）和乙醇对蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜存活率的影响。结果表明：生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对乙酸的抗性高于浮游态菌。扫描电镜结果显示,经乙酸处理后,浮游态蜡样芽孢杆菌的细胞表面严重受损,而生物被膜态菌的表面形态未发生明显变化。在柠檬酸、乳酸、苹果酸和乙醇存在的条件下,生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌比浮游态菌表现出更强的压力抗性,特别是在高浓度（有机酸16%～20%,乙醇50%～60%）的情况下,该现象尤为显著。因此,在食品工业中控制被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对预防和阻止食品腐败非常重要。该研究结果为实际生产中有效控制蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜的形成提供参考。     

Changes in proline-14C metabolism in barley seedlings germinating at low temperature

Changes in the metabolic pattern of proline-¹⁴C were examined in barley seedlings germinated at the low temperature of 2°C (LT) and compared with those germinated at 25°C (HT). In the LT shoots. proline-¹⁴C incorporation was higher in the cationic fraction and lower in the acid-neutral fraction than that of HT, respectively. More proline-¹⁴C of LT was converted to other amino acids, especially to acidic amino acids in free amino acid state, than was the HT proline-¹⁴C which had a comparatively wide distribution.

In the LT protein fractions. more proline-¹⁴C was incorporated into the cytoplasmic protein than into the cell wall protein. On the contrary, the radioactivity of the lIT cell wall increased more distinctively. proline-¹⁴C in the two proteins of LT was a little less converted to other amino acids than in those of HT. A little higher radioactivity was found in the aspartate and glutamate of the LT protein hydrolysates. The hydroxyproline which is closely related with proline had a little lower level of radioactivity in the LT cell wall.