黄土高原小流域土壤有机碳空间变异性研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg^-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液.     

六盘山香水河小流域地形与植被类型对降雨径流系数的影响

基于GIS和SPSS支持下的数据分析,结合宁夏六盘山区香水河小流域2004—2005年6—10月的降雨、径流观测资料,对流域的坡向、海拔和植被对降雨径流的影响进行研究,结果表明：就不同植被类型来看,径流系数以人工林的最大,灌丛的次之,亚高山草甸的最小;就海拔而言,径流系数大小依次为低海拔（2060-2350 m）〉中海拔（2350-2640 m）〉高海拔（2640-2930 m）,随着海拔从低到高的变化,天然林的径流系数表现为从高到低再升高的变化趋势,而人工林和灌丛则表现为先增加后减小的变化趋势,亚高山草甸从中海拔至高海拔区呈增大趋势;从不同坡向来看,径流系数大小依次为南坡〉西坡〉北坡〉东坡。     

秦巴山区土地利用时空格局及地形梯度效应

自然景观的垂直地带性为区域土地利用的垂直景观格局奠定了基础,同时也决定了垂直景观带上土地利用的强度及其变化情况。该文采用地形位指数、分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用信息图谱法等,分析了1989-2010年秦巴山区土地利用格局的地形梯度效应和图谱信息,揭示地形控制下土地利用时空格局和土地转移的变化规律。结果表明:1)秦巴山区土地利用以林地和耕地为主,呈西林东耕分布;1989-2010年间林地减少显著,建设用地增加明显,其中耕地是建设用地主要转入来源,林、草地是耕地主要转入来源。2)秦巴山区各生态亚区用地类型差异明显,各生态亚区土地利用转移方向也存在差异性。3)秦巴山区土地利用强度指数呈东高西低,中高周低的态势;土地利用强度变化率稳定少动,增加趋势不明显;土地利用动态度呈中高周低的态势,整体变化不大。4)水域、建设用地和耕地主要集中在地形起伏度小和坡度小的低地形位,且耕地主要转移为其他两种用地类型,建设用地有向中低地形位分布的趋势。林地和草地集中在地形起伏大、坡度陡的中高地形位,且存在着相互转移演替现象,中低地形位往往是耕地、林地、草地间的相互转换,未来势必加强坡耕地和低山丘陵区林草地的管治工作。     

Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (R_q) the curvature (R_cu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (R_A) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm² with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.     

点云数据抽稀与加密对微地形数据分析的影响

针对不同观测尺度下,大起伏(20cm耕作处理)、微起伏(耙平裸坡处理)两种地形的点云数据进行抽稀、加密处理,选取地表曲率、坡向、地表糙度3种直观的指标对抽稀、加密处理对微地形数据分析的影响进行了评价。结果显示:抽稀与加密处理对于起伏较大的地形曲率影响更为明显,对于起伏较小的地形则影响不显著。5,10mm数据抽稀与加密处理后坡向变化不显著。1mm尺度抽稀地表糙度的影响十分规律,5mm加密与抽稀对于大起伏地形的影响十分复杂,10mm加密对于大起伏地形糙度变化较为复杂,裸坡变化则相对规律。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区地貌与生态恢复措施关系的研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区第二副区的彭阳县为研究区,以1∶50 000比例尺的数字高程模型(DEM)、2014年资源三号高清遥感影像数据为数据源,采用GIS空间分析方法提取正负地形、剖面曲率、坡度和地势起伏度、地貌类型,结合研究区的实际情况自动提取划分梁峁顶、梁峁坡、沟坡、沟底和沟谷塬区5类地貌部位。结合资源三号高分影像等数据对自动提取的地貌类型进行修正,将自动提取的地貌部位进行实地验证,分析研究区地貌部位及景观格局与生态恢复措施之间的关系。结果表明,运用DEM地形分析方法可以自动提取彭阳县的梁峁顶、梁峁坡、沟坡、沟底、沟谷塬区等地貌部位;彭阳县5类地貌部位的面积大小为梁峁顶梁峁坡沟坡沟底沟谷塬区,地貌类型面积以梁峁顶和梁峁坡为主;不同地貌部位生态恢复措施景观配置不同,依据自动提取的研究区地貌数据,继续遵循因地制宜、因害设防的原则,合理布设生态恢复措施。     

基于图形处理器的三维表面质量快速评定技术

针对三维表面粗糙度评定中表面测量数据量大且计算复杂度高,常用处理方法不能满足实时测量要求的问题,提出了一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的三维表面形貌测量数据快速评定方法,应用CUDA平台开发了基于GPU的并行处理算法,在此基础上实现了三维表面质量的快速评定。实验结果表明,该方法在保证计算精度的同时,运算效率提高了60倍以上,可满足三维表面质量在线评定的要求。     

Effect of different fractions of zein on the mechanical and phase properties of zein films at nano-scale

The phase behavior of zein films has been investigated at nano-scale using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and compared to the phase behavior of the bulk using a thermal characterization technique. The local surface properties of the films were evaluated as a function of water activity using AFM. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of zein films decreased with increasing water activity. Adhesion forces measured by the AFM force curves increased with increasing water activity. Topography of zein and zein fractions were evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by the use of AFM and dedicated software to calculate the surface roughness. It has been found that processing technologies (solvent casting, drop deposition and spin casting) has influence on the surface structures of films. The films which were formed by the alpha zein rich fraction were found to have highest roughness values. Sectional surface profiles revealed that α-zein films have mean roughness (R_a) of 1.808 nm and root mean square roughness (RMS) of 2.239 nm while β-zein films have mean roughness (R_a) of 1.745 nm and root mean square roughness (RMS) of 3.623 nm. The discussions conducted on the differences/similarities in the observations were based on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and interactions of these zein fractions.     

基于DEM的云南楚雄高原地貌特征研究

在GIS支持下,采用普通克里格法对云南楚雄高原的离散样点进行空间插值,得到了栅格化数据,借助于DEM模型及GIS的空间分析功能,对该地区进行地形分析,在此基础上得出研究区的高程、坡度专题图及坡度分布特征;坡向专题图及楚雄高原地貌坡向特征;地形起伏度专题图及楚雄高原的总体起伏度特征,为云南楚雄的经济及其它领域的发展提供依...