Are gullies best for biodiversity? An empirical examination of Australian wet forest types

A relatively common observation in forest environments has been that gullies support higher species richness and individual abundance than elsewhere in the landscape. We completed a detailed case study of birds to contrast species richness and assemblage composition between gullies and other parts of the topography of landscapes in three closely related and spatially adjacent wet ash forest types – those dominated by Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans), Alpine Ash (E. delegatensis) or Shining Gum (E. nitens) – in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. We also quantified the influence of a wide range of other measures of stand structure and plant species composition on the bird assemblage and on individual bird species.     

砒砂岩区水力侵蚀下坡面微地貌变化特征及过程研究

解决砒砂岩区坡面的产流产沙问题对黄河流域生态安全具有重要意义,选取砒砂岩裸露坡面为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下采用野外径流小区实测结合三维激光扫描技术,分析13次有效降雨过程砒砂岩坡面微地貌的变化过程及产流产沙特征.结果表明,径流小区内坡面土壤平均侵蚀深度为26 mm,侵蚀区占径流小区总面积的95.27％,单位面积上侵蚀...     

Soil dispersion tests combined with topographical information can describe field‐scale sediment and phosphorus losses

Methods for estimating sediment and phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters are needed to mitigate their adverse impact on water quality. This study quantified sediment and P losses from five agricultural fields and evaluated the patterns observed based on the intrinsic risk of sediment and P mobilization from the soil, together with field topographical and hydrological data. The mobilization risk was estimated using the environmental soil dispersion test DESPRAL. High‐resolution LiDAR elevation data and crop management data were used to describe transport and delivery of the material mobilized. Annual flow‐weighted suspended solids (SS) concentration in drainage water ranged from 48 to 374 mg/L, total P (TP) from 0.12 to 0.39 mg/L and unreactive P (UP) from 0.08 to 0.33 mg/L. The mobilization risk, measured as turbidity in the aliquot recovered from the dispersion test, varied from 781 to 2310 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The method proved to be efficient in describing and differentiating sediment and P mobilization potential between fields. The topographical data also showed large differences between fields, with the length–slope (LS) parameter varying from 0.037 to 0.999. Based on assessments of source (mobilization risk) and transport factors (LS, crop management data), it was possible to characterize fields as favoured or limited in terms of source and transport and to explain the long‐term SS and P losses observed at field scale.     

永安市巨尾桉人工林生长的区位效应初步研究

依据调查样地资料,分别对永安市巨尾桉人工林在不同小地形、不同坡位和不同坡向上的生长进行了研究,结果表明:山脊和山坡的林分生长量相差不大;山洼林分生长最好,其次为山脊和山坡,山顶林分生长最差;不同年龄、不同坡向的林分中,不同坡位的生长差异不大;巨尾桉在阳坡上生长明显优于半阴半阳坡的林分。     

连云港花果山森林景区高分辨率火险区划

利用10cm高空间分辨率航空遥感影像,在森林资源二类调查的基础上,获取研究区的可燃物类型及其特征信息;利用1∶10 000地形图获取地形因子信息。在此基础之上,通过加权叠置法计算火险指数,并将研究区划分为Ⅰ级(没有危险)、Ⅱ级(低度危险)、Ⅲ级(中度危险)、Ⅳ级(高度危险)、Ⅴ级(极度危险)等5个火险区划。结果表明:Ⅰ级火险区面积最小,占研究区总面积3.98%;Ⅱ级火险区面积最大,占32.25%;Ⅲ级火险区面积占21.05%;Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级火险区面积分别占22.14%和20.58%,两者之和较大,占研究区总面积的42.72%,研究区防火任务艰巨。研究区内可燃物类型对火险等级划分起重要作用,其中麻栎和茶树在森林防火工作中发挥重要作用;松树、竹林和荒草地是防火的重点。     

东北漫岗黑土区地形因子对浅沟侵蚀的影响分析

浅沟侵蚀是坡耕地上重要的产沙方式之一,地形是控制其发生及发展的关键因素。通过对东北漫岗黑土区两个小流域的地形因子和浅沟侵蚀进行相关分析发现,浅沟长度、侵蚀体积与坡面长度呈显著相关,与汇水面积也有较好的相关。根据地形临界理论,确定了研究区浅沟和切沟侵蚀发生的地形临界（S-A）关系：SEG=0.052AEG^- 0.148和SG=0.072 AG^- 0.141,可以用来预测小流域内可能发生浅沟侵蚀以及浅沟向切沟侵蚀转变的部位。在地形分析的基础上,建立了预测浅沟长度的回归模型,交叉验证表明模型对单条浅沟长度的预测误差较大,平均误差37%;而预测浅沟总长度效果较好,预测浅沟总侵蚀量与实测值的误差也只有6%。     

Spatial variability of glyphosate mineralization and soil microbial characteristics in two Norwegian sandy loam soils as affected by surface topographical features

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of surface topographical features on the spatial variability of glyphosate degradation and some microbial characteristics in sandy loam soil. Soil samples were taken from the ploughed layer across an agricultural field after seedbed preparation for grain (Grue site), and down to 1 m depth under a ridge tilled field (Målselv site), both sites having similar soil textural characteristics (sandy loam soil). Laboratory experiments were performed looking at glyphosate mineralization and soil microbial activity at the Grue site, as well as microbial biomass, activity and substrate utilization patterns at the Målselv site. Microbial biomass and activity decreased, and substrate utilization patterns changed with increasing soil depth, reflecting naturally occurring changes in quantity and quality of soil organic carbon. Further, our results show that considerable spatial heterogeneity in the degradation rate of glyphosate and general carbon utilization exists even across small areas within a single agricultural field. This horizontal variability was observed over several spatial scales, and could not be clearly explained. It evidently arose from differences in environmental factors affecting microbial activity and growth, and topographical features controlling redistribution of water and matter flow patterns were correlated to the investigated soil microbial variables.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区多尺度地貌单元输沙能力及水沙关系

以黄土丘陵沟壑区裴家峁沟为原型观测流域,利用流域内相互嵌套的全坡面径流场、水文站网等观测设施,定量研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度地貌单元水沙关系和输沙能力特征。结果表明:1)坡面尺度地貌单元的径流深和输沙模数在多年平均时间尺度上均大于流域尺度地貌单元。当地貌单元空间尺度达到流域尺度时,多年平均径流深随着流域尺度增加而增加,输沙模数与流域面积之间存在着负相关关系。但在次降雨条件下,不同空间尺度地貌单元径流深和输沙模数峰值可能出现在全坡面、桥沟一支沟、桥沟或裴家峁沟。2)不同空间尺度地貌单元水流输沙能力随着空间尺度的增大而减少,相对于裴家峁沟,全坡面径流场、桥沟一支沟和桥沟的单位水流功率含沙量分别是裴家峁沟的186、77和58倍。3)不同空间尺度地貌单元径流量与输沙模数的水沙关系表现出较好的线性关系,且径流量与输沙模数关系随着空间尺度增加更为密切,但随着空间尺度增加,径流量和输沙模数的水沙关系曲线斜率急剧减小。研究成果可为水土流失空间尺度效应及尺度转换的研究提供科学依据。     

青藏高原坡度坡长因子(LS)空间格局及影响因素分析

地形是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素,但目前关于青藏高原地形因子的分布格局和影响因素有待研究。基于1弧秒分辨率的SRTM(shuttle radar topography mission)高程数据,计算坡度、坡长、LS因子(slope length and steepness factors,LS),结合高程积分和Hack剖面等,对青藏高原LS因子的分布格局、统计分布特征和影响因素进行研究,结果表明：(1)坡度、坡长和LS因子这3个地形指标,均表现出高原内部小、四周高山大的格局,内流区与外流区的坡度均值分别为6.55°和14.3°,坡长均值分别为122.9,172.2 m,LS均值分别为4.8和12.7;(2)青藏高原LS因子整体受坡度影响,但高原边缘陡峭地区LS因子主要受坡长影响;(3)青藏高原6条主要河流的Hack剖面都呈上凸形态,该地区地貌演化整体上处于幼年期;(4)青藏高原LS因子的分布特征与土壤侵蚀类型及其组合有对应关系：周边地区的高值对应冰川侵蚀—水蚀,西北部的低值对应水力—冻融侵蚀和风蚀,东南部边缘向高原内部过渡地区的较高值对应水力—重力侵蚀。通过分析LS因子的分布格局和统计特征...     

A magnetic investigation along a NE–SW transect of the Yasouj Plain,southwestern Iran

The magnetic susceptibility (χ) of soils varies with the slope position due to some factors such as texture, drainage class, and land use. Limited information is available about the magnetic susceptibility properties of semi arid regions of southwestern Iran. This study attempts to link χ and Fe oxides of the soils to landforms, soil characteristics, and land use (paddy and dryland soils) on the same parent materials. Ten representative pedons were taken along a NE–SW transect in different physiographic units in the Yasouj Plain. The results indicated that χ is determined mainly by topography and land use. In most pedons, the highest concentrations of poorly crystalline Fe (Fe_o) were observed in the top soil with different types of land use. Aquic condition in paddy soils seems the main cause for a significant decrease in the amount of Fe_d in the studied soils. Maximum concentration of pedogenic Fe (Fe_d) was noticed in more stable landforms with non-aquic moisture regime. Paddy soils exhibited higher Fe_o/Fe_d ratio values, suggesting that they have more poorly crystalline iron oxide phases than dryland soils. Magnetic measurements showed that the χ values of paddy soils were much lower (3.8 times) than those of dryland soils. The highest value of χ was found in the pedons located on plateau and piedmont plains and the lowest value of χ belongs to those that are located on hill and river lower terraces. A positive correlation was found between the frequency dependence of χ (χ_fd) and χ in paddy and dryland soils. Higher values of χ_fd were observed at soil surface than at deeper levels, suggesting a greater proportion of ultrafine grains.