中国尖胸沫蝉科族的系统发育及一新族的建立(同翅目:沫蝉总科)

本文应用Kluge and Farris的Wagner数量分析法对我国尖胸沫蝉科(Aphrophoridae)的铲头沫蝉族Cloviini,象沫蝉族Philagrini,尖胸沫蝉族Aphrophorini,长沫蝉族Phil-aenini及棘茎沫蝉族,新族Capnodistini trib.nov.之间的系统发育关系进行了分析,结果推得两个明显的组群,即(Cloviini+Philagrini)+(Aphrophorini)和(Philaenini+Capnodistini trid.nov.),它们互为姐妹群关系,共同形成一个全系分支(holophyleticClade)。文中建立一新族棘茎沫蝉族Capnodistini trib.nov.该族定义为触角檐具檐沟,阳茎有6～8条棘刺,其模式属指定为Capnodistes Breddin 1903。     

叶甲科的系统学研究进展

叶甲科昆虫是农业、林业及牧业的重要害虫．从叶甲科的分类简史、化石研究、形态学、细胞学以及分子生物学等方面综述了叶甲科昆虫的系统分类学研究，为进一步研究叶甲的生物学特性，寻求防治对策提供理论基础．     

杨树分派的分子系统学与派间杂交研究进展

杨树是主要的工业用材树种和生物模式树种,具有重要的实用和理论研究价值.但杨树种内变异丰富,种间杂种较多,形态学系统分类很困难.分子生物学为杨树的系统分类研究提供了新的研究途径.杨树分子系统学研究为杨树种间和派间杂交奠定了较好的理论基础.本文概述了同工酶和DNA分子标记在杨树系统学研究中的应用和杨属内黑杨派与青杨派杂交、白杨派、胡杨派各自与其它派间杂交的研究进展,讨论了杨树系统学研究与派间杂交的关系和杨树派间杂交存在的问题,并对今后的研究提出了建议.     

First report of Calonectria cerciana causing leaf blight of Eucalyptus in northern India

Eucalyptus spp. and their hybrids are frequently cloned and mass planted across farmland tracts and commercial plantations in northern India. It is a viable feeder species to the paper and pulp industries in this region. In 2018 and 2019, during field surveys conducted in northern India, a serious leaf blight disease was frequently observed in E. tereticornis plantations. Isolation from the blighted leaf samples consistently yielded fungal isolates having Calonectria‐like morphology. Morphological features coupled with sequence analysis of partial β‐tubulin (TUB2) and partial translation elongation factor‐alpha (TEF1) gene regions of two fungal isolates confirmed the species as Ca. cerciana. In detached leaf assays and glasshouse inoculation experiments, both isolates produced symptoms similar to those observed on the naturally infected leaves. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re‐isolating Ca. cerciana from the inoculated leaves. This work is the first to confirm that Ca. cerciana is associated with a serious leaf blight disease of Eucalyptus in northern India and is an important addition to the taxonomy of Calonectria fungi in India.     

中国东北和华北地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌遗传多样性研究

【目的】紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）被誉为牧草之王,近年来,中国东北和华北地区种植面积不断扩大,但紫花苜蓿质量与产量仍不足以满足中国畜牧业发展的需求。本研究旨在分析中国东北和华北地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿高效固氮根瘤菌的筛选与应用提供参考。【方法】采用表面消毒和平板划线法从根瘤中分离纯化根瘤菌单菌落;使用BOX-PCR方法对供试菌株进行基因型划分;选取代表菌株进行持家基因（atpD、glnII和rpoB）和共生基因（nifH和nodC）的系统发育分析。【结果】从中国东北和华北19个采样地共分离纯化了499株根瘤菌,BOX-PCR可将供试菌株分为37种BOX型,BOX型存在显著的地理分布现象,同时寄主品种对根瘤菌基因型具有一定的选择作用。97.60%（487/499）的根瘤菌为Sinorhizobium meliloti。其余12株分别为S. adhaerens、Mesorhizobium huakuii、Rhizobium loessense、R. mesosinicum、R. vignae、Mesorhizobium sp.和Phyllobacterium sp.,这12株根瘤菌仅在中国东北地区发现,华北地区根瘤菌均为S. meliloti。3个持家基因在紫花苜蓿根瘤菌种间系统发育分析结果一致,但其揭示优势种S. meliloti的种内多样性存在差异。共生基因系统发育结果显示,在根瘤菌属间和属内发生了共生基因的水平转移现象。nifH在S.meliloti种内显示出比nodC更丰富多样性。【结论】中国东北和华北地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,且根瘤菌存在显著的地理分布特征和寄主选择现象。     

肖蒲桃叶绿体基因组结构特征及系统发育关系

【目的】肖蒲桃(Syzygium acuminatissimum)是我国南方高价值的硬木树种之一,适宜作为行道树或园景树。研究揭示肖蒲桃叶绿体基因组的结构特征及系统发育关系,对蒲桃属甚至桃金娘科的分类学研究具有重要意义。【方法】使用CTAB法提取肖蒲桃叶片基因组DNA。利用Illumina HiSeq X TEN平台进行高通量测序,在SPAdes v3.13.0上组装叶绿体基因组,并通过GeSeq注释肖蒲桃的完整叶绿体基因组。分析了肖蒲桃叶绿体基因组的结构特征、序列特征及系统发育关系。【结果】肖蒲桃完整的叶绿体基因组长度为159 352 bp,共有109个基因,包括78个蛋白质编码基因、27个tRNA基因和4个r RNA基因,其中17个基因具有内含子;检测到21 379个密码子,其中丝氨酸密码子最丰富、蛋氨酸密码子最匮乏;检测到47个RNA可编辑位点,其中ndhB基因最多(10个);检测到48个长片段重复序列,其中18个正向重复、6个反向重复、22个回文重复和2个互补重复;检测到230个简单重复序列,其中绝大多数为单核苷酸(205个)。基因组比较分析结果表明,4个蒲桃属植物的IR边界有较小差异,核苷酸多样性高于0.015的区间有7个。系统发育分析结果表明,肖蒲桃与丁香蒲桃(S. aromaticum)关系密切。【结论】研究结果有助于开展后续的蒲桃属系统发育研究和物种鉴定工作。     

河北省太行山北部地区大型真菌物种多样性

大型真菌具有重要的科学、生态和经济价值。为全面而准确了解河北太行山北部大型真菌物种多样性,本文使用踏查法对该地区进行标本采集。鉴定过程中使用形态学和分子系统学方法,并结合生态习性信息。结果显示本地区共有大型真菌241种,隶属于2门4纲15目55科100属,其中子囊菌门9种,担子菌门232种。河北省太行山北部地区含10种以上的优势科有红菇科Russulaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae、丝盖伞科Inocybaceae、蘑菇科Agaricaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae和丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae;含5种以上的优势属有红菇属Russula、丝盖伞属Inocybe、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属Agaricus、粉褶菌属Entoloma、口蘑属Tricholoma、杯伞属Clitocybe、滑锈伞属Hebeloma和栓菌属Trametes;发现中国新记录种8个。研究表明河北省太行山北部地区大型真菌物种多样性较高,具有经济价值的共100种,其中食用菌41种,药用菌33种,药食兼用菌19种,毒菌26种,部分种类具有良好的应用前景,可为其保护和利用提供科学依据。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of stunt nematodes of wheat,maize, and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria

Stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) are obligate migratory root ecto-parasitic nematodes found in the fields of many cultivated crops. These nematodes, with phyto-sanitary potential, are frequently ignored or misdiagnosed as pests, and this may pose a threat to food security. The accuracy of its identification based on a morphological approach has been challenged recently, due to the overlapping of the morphological and morphometric characters of the species. Consequently, the objective of this study is to identify and characterize stunt nematodes present in 54 fields cultivated with cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice) in the savannahs of northern Nigeria, using integrative taxonomy and molecular approaches. The molecular and morphological studies identified and confirmed the presence of T. annulatus as the occurring specie in the savannahs of northern Nigeria. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S genes of ribosomal DNA further confirmed the presence of T. annulatus. The first molecular characterization and sequences of the ITS and 28S rDNA gene for T. annulatus from Nigeria were provided by this research. Also, according to our literature search, this is the first report on T. annulatus in wheat, maize and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria. Further study to test the pathogenicity of the parasitic nematode species found in this survey is recommended for the prioritization and development of efficient management strategies.     

Molecular phylogeny of the apterygotan insects based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes

Basal hexapodan orders (Apterygota) are traditionally divided in two well defined taxonomic groups, Entognatha and Ectognatha. Entognathy (the enclosed mouthparts condition) is considered the most distinctive character joining the Ellipura (Protura+ Collembola) with the order Diplura, whereas the presence of exposed mouthparts (ectognathy) is the feature shared by Microcoryphia and Zygentoma with the pterygote insects. In spite of the growing interest for the evolutionary history of the Apterygota, there is no complete agreement among the general phylogenetic hypotheses based on the study of morphological characters. In this study we analyzed the DNA sequence of segments of the nuclear Elongation Factor-1α(EF-1α) and of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes, and used different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction. The 12S gene seems to be more suited than the EF-1α to resolve some of the most outstanding systematic disputes, whereas the lack of resolution at the deeper nodes does not allow to assess the phylogenetic relationships within Microcoryphia and between ectognathan orders. We have obtained a fairly high support for the monophyly of the orders Diplura and Zygentoma. In the 12S analysis, the Ellipura and the Entognatha form monophyletic assemblages. In addition, the study of the distribution of introns in the EF-1α suggests a relationship between Collembola and Diplura.