Phylogenetic position and nucleotide diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae worldwide based on translation elongation factor 1α sequences

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae is considered the most important fungus affecting vanilla crops around the world, causing rot on vanilla roots and stems. Previous studies showed that the ability to infect vanilla plants is a polyphyletic trait among strains of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC). The same studies proposed a single origin for F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae isolates sampled from Mexico, the centre of origin and distribution of vanilla. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis of the monophyletic origin of a wider sample of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae infecting Mexican vanilla and estimate nucleotide diversity of pathogen isolates from the main vanilla‐producing countries. Sequence data for the TEF1α gene from 106 isolates was assembled. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that some Mexican isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae belong in two well‐supported clades, mixed with isolates from Madagascar, Indonesia, Réunion and Comoros. The phylogenetic position of other Indonesian and Mexican isolates is unresolved. Estimations of nucleotide diversity showed that the population from Mexico is genetically more diverse than the other three populations from Madagascar, Indonesia and Réunion. The results support a polyphyletic origin of vanilla‐infecting isolates of F. oxysporum worldwide, and also reject the proposition that Mexican isolates have a single origin. The phylogenetic optimizations over the strict consensus tree of the ability to infect vanilla plants suggest that pathogenic strains around the world are the product of multiple shifts of pathogenesis and dispersion events.     

海南省温郁金炭疽病的病原鉴定

温郁金炭疽病是一种重要的真菌性病害,该病主要危害叶片,初期产生水渍状的淡黄色病斑,后逐渐扩大成圆形、椭圆形或不规则形的灰褐色病斑,上面有黑色小点,病斑外面环绕一层黄色晕圈,严重时多个病斑联合造成叶片卷缩和枯死,2016年我们从海南省的温郁金种植基地采集炭疽病样本,经病原菌的分离纯化、柯赫氏法则验证、病原菌的形态特征观察及多基因谱系分析方法,确定其病原菌为郁金炭疽菌Colletotrichum curcumae(Syd.)E.J.ButlerBisby。     

太子参叶斑病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

采用形态学结合分子系统学方法对引起贵州黄平县和六枝道地中药材种植基地太子参叶斑病的病原菌进行鉴定,并以菌丝生长法对75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、37%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂、40%氟硅唑乳油以及1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂进行了室内药效筛选。结果表明:引起贵州太子参叶斑病的病原菌为Ascochyta versabilis,该病原菌为太子参病害新记录;5种杀菌剂除75%百菌清可湿性粉剂2 000倍对A.versabilis的抑菌率较低外(51.4%),其余4种供试杀菌剂均具有较强的抑菌作用。70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂2 000倍、37%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂2 000倍和40%氟硅唑乳油2 000倍对A.versabilis的生长具有较强的抑制作用,其抑制率均高于90%;1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂2 000倍对该病原菌的抑制率为72.3%。     

红果型沙地云杉内生真菌多样性

了解沙地云杉植物内生真菌生态多样性,为沙地云杉内生真菌的种属鉴别和资源的开发利用提供科学的依据,并为下一步深入研究内生真菌代谢产物提供理论基础。对内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉进行调查,采用组织分离法对沙地云杉的不同组织部位进行内生真菌分离,以形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法进行鉴定,选取其中60株进行扩增、测序和系统发育分析。从系统发育树可见,菌株聚为2个大分支,分别为子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门,10个小分支对应7个科分属于10个属12种,其中链格孢属（Alternaria）与青霉属（Penicillium）为优势菌属,红果型沙地云杉内生真菌菌种资源较丰富。     

中国达氏鳇野生群体和两个养殖群体的线粒体遗传多样性分析

达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)是黑龙江流域土著鲟,近几十年来野生资源急剧下降,被确定为濒危物种之一。本研究采用线粒体DNA的Cyt b基因和D-loop区域的多态性信息评估了黑龙江抚远段野生群体、北京房山国家级鲟鱼原种场的保种群体及浙江衢州国家级鲟鱼良种场的繁殖群体等3个达氏鳇群体的遗传多样性水平。所有测试个体在Cyt b基因位点的核苷酸水平上没有检测到多样性,均具有相同的Cyt b单倍型,而在D-loop区域中发现了9种单倍型,对于D-loop区,单倍型多样性(H_d)达到0.593,但核苷酸多样性(π)仅为0.00213。在8尾野生个体中检测到6种D-loop单倍型,2个养殖群体共计58尾个体共计检出5种D-loop单倍型个体。分析结果显示:野生达氏鳇群体遗传多样性极低,历史上可能经历过严重的遗传瓶颈,同时达氏鳇人工繁殖过程中每批次可能只有极少个体参与了繁殖。此外,基于Cyt b基因部分序列的分析结果提示,达氏鳇与其他太平洋鲟类的亲缘关系较近,而与欧鳇(Huso huso)关系较远,传统上鳇属(Huso)的分类地位得不到有效的分子生物学数据支持。     

南极鱼类DNA条形码及分子系统进化研究

本文采用COI基因兼并引物对15种36个南极鱼类DNA进行扩增测序,并结合Gen Bank已有序列进行联配分析,对南极鱼2科22属43种共97条COI基因片段(539 bp)进行序列比较和系统发生关系研究,探索了DNA条形码技术在辅助鱼类物种鉴定和分类中的适应性与可行性。结果分析表明,43种南极鱼科和鳄冰鱼科的鱼类COI基因的平均碱基组成为T:31.9%、G:18.3%、A:22.2%和C:27.6%,具有明显的碱基偏倚性。南极鱼类的种间平均距离为0.157,种内平均遗传距离为0.002,种间平均遗传距离是种内平均距离的79倍;系统分析结果显示,除南极小带腭鱼(Cryodraco antarcticus)和罗斯海小带腭鱼(Cryodraco atkinsoni)外,其余的鱼类皆能够形成独立的分支,且与形态学分支一致。由此可见,DNA条形码对南极鱼亚目鳄冰鱼科和南极鱼科鱼类能够进行有效的物种鉴定,基于COI基因所建的NJ(neighbor-joining)树对物种分类具有较为准确的辨识力。系统发生关系表明,DNA条形码可以对除南极小带腭鱼(Cryodraco antarcticus)和罗斯海小带腭鱼(Cryodraco atkinsoni)外的南极鱼物种进行鉴定,不仅可以作为形态学的辅助手段为南极鱼分类系统的必要补充和佐证,并且可以用于探讨南极鱼类近缘种的系统发育关系。     

Evolutionary analysis of plant jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) family and expression of rice JRLs in response to Magnaporthe oryzae

Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) are widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins in the plant kingdom, which play key roles in development and pathogen defense. In this study, we profiled evolutionary trajectory of JRLs family in 30 plant species and identified domain diversification and recombination leading to different responsive patterns of JRLs in rice during defense against rice blast. All of 30 plant species analyzed in our study have two types of JRLs by containing either a single jacalin or repeated jacalin domains, while chimeric jacalins exist in more than half of the species, especially in the Poaceae family. Moreover, Poaceae species have evolved two types of unique chimeric JRLs by fusing the jacalin domain(s) with dirigent or NB_ARC domain, some of which positively regulate plant immunity. Seven Poaceae-specific JRLs are found in the rice genome. We further found expression of rice JRLs, including four Poaceae-specific JRLs, are induced by Magnaporthe oryzae infections at either early or late infection stages. Overall, the results present the evolutionary trajectory of JRLs in plant and highlight essential roles of Poaceae specific JRLs against pathogen attacks in rice.     

Silicon distribution in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China and its implications for phytolith carbon sequestration

Silicon (Si) not only plays an important role in plant growth but also contributes significantly to the long‐term terrestrial carbon sink in the form of phytoliths. This study investigated Si content of 184 plant species in meadow steppe and typical steppe of northern China to examine the influential factors of Si distribution and evaluate the potential phytolith carbon sequestration of these grasslands. Our results indicated that the average Si content generally decreased in the following order of Equisetopsida > Monocotyledoneae > Dicotyledoneae. Within angiosperms, although most Si accumulator plants were commelinid monocots, many eudicots also accumulated abundant Si in their above‐ground tissues. The Si content of plant above‐ground parts in typical steppe (6.53 ± 2.88 g/kg) was significantly higher than that in meadow steppe (2.15 ± 0.92 g/kg). The estimated phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) production flux in typical steppe (0.81 ± 0.36 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1) was higher than that in meadow steppe (0.54 ± 0.23 kg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1). This study demonstrates that plant phylogeny influences the Si content of individual species, whereas grassland type with different mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature may significantly affect the abundance of high Si species. We conclude that increasing the abundance of grass species with high Si content in meadow steppe and appropriate grazing and fertilizer application in typical steppe will enhance the phytolith carbon sequestration in grasslands of northern China.     

竹子基因调查分析报告

竹子作为一种重要经济植物,具有经济、生态和文化价值。随着生物技术的快速发展,越来越多的以竹类植物为对象的基因序列得到克隆与验证,基于BPG(2012)更新系统,截至2014年底,已经有3913个竹子基因得到确证,这些基因覆盖了竹亚科的3个族,隶属19个属30个种。文章统计分析了已确认的基因描述、基因类型和参考序列情况,展望了竹子基因发展态势。     

中国西北地区披碱草属植物所带内生真菌的培养特征

内生真菌与植物所形成的共生体普遍存在于冷季禾草中,共生体有利于提高宿主植物的生物和非生物抗性。虽然目前研究者们已对禾草内生真菌做了大量的研究,但是尚未发现对分布于中国西北地区披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌培养特征的研究。本研究从中国西北地区分离出15株来自不同地理种群披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌。通过分离培养,测定了这15株无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌的菌落生长速度,结果显示,这15株无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌菌落的平均生长速度为(0.41~0.85) mm/d,且生长速度与海拔具有相关性。分布在海拔低于3000 m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌的菌落生长速度比生长于海拔高于3000 m菌落的生长速度快。观察菌落发现,分布在海拔高于3000 m的菌落正面特征较为一致,而分布在海拔低于3000 m的菌落正面特征出现不同。另外,通过多基因联合建树发现,分布在海拔高于3000 m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌聚在一个分支,而分布在海拔低于3000 m的无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌呈现星状分布。由于目前尚未对中国西北地区披碱草属植物无性世代Neotyphodium内生真菌命名。因此,希望本研究结果能为该菌的命名提供理论依据。