黄斑海蜇的生态习性及移殖放流的可行性探讨

对黄斑海蜇的螅状体及水母体的生存适宜温度、盐度及营养因子进行研究，以探讨黄斑海蜇移植放流的可行性，水螅体及水母体的存活的下限温度用逐步副近法测得，适宜温度通过温度梯度实验测得，同时对螅状体设5个营养级别观察其横裂生殖率。结果表明，黄斑海蜇水螅体10℃以下不能存活，30℃是水螅体存活的最适温度。水母体在温度18－30℃、盐度12－30可正常生长。用黄斑海蜇的水母体做为检验海蜇水母体放流效果的标志种在理论上是可行的。     

Growth and biometric relationships of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) on transplanting from the Gulf of Mannar to the Arabian Sea

Comparative studies were made on the growth and biometric relationships of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) Tuticorin stock at (Tuticorin (TST) – parent stock) transplanted from the Tuticorin Bay (8.7°N; 78.2°E) in the Gulf of Mannar along the Indian southeast coast to Kollam Bay (8.8°N; 76.5°E) in the Arabian Sea along the Indian southwest coast (Tuticorin stock at Kollam (TSK) – transplanted stock). At the time of transplantation, Kollam Bay did not have a native stock, however, within a year, the transplanted stock spawned and oyster spats were collected from within the farm (Kollam stock (KS) – progeny stock). The growth in dorso‐ventral measurement and total weight in Kollam Bay was 1.4–1.6 times and 3.1 to 6.8 times respectively greater than that observed at Tuticorin. Furthermore, at Kollam Bay, the thickness observed at the end of first year was similar to that obtained at the end of second year in Tuticorin. Both the TSK and KS had significantly higher instantaneous growth rates (IGR) than TST. All the stocks displayed significantly different biometric relationships. The increased growth in Kollam Bay is attributed to the almost double productivity in the Arabian Sea compared with the Bay of Bengal. It is concluded that in the case of P. fucata, the site and its interaction with environment are important determinants of growth and shell dimensions. The present study clearly indicates that the environmental conditions prevailing along the southeast Arabian Sea are congenial for the growth, gametogenesis, spawning and settlement of P. fucata larvae. In spite of strong monsoonal influences in the hydrology of Kollam Bay, the growth and reproduction of P. fucata stocks indicates its relative hardiness and ability to adapt to a changed environment.     

玉溪绿化柿树移栽研究初报

为提高柿树移栽成活率,从柿树生物学特性出发,分析了玉溪绿化柿树移栽成活率低的具体原因,总结了提高柿树移栽成活率的措施,即带土球栽植,改良土壤质地减轻根病发生,选择端午节前后和深冬进行移栽,缩短起树到移栽时间减少柿树失水,适度修剪维系根冠平衡,建立养护档案,按时按量浇水。     

水稻分插机构推秧装置动力学分析与试验

由于推秧装置使分插机构的动力学分析复杂化,所以传统的分析方法是把栽植机构简化为曲柄摇杆机构。作者在研究分插机构的动力学状态时,运用基本动力学原理,重点分析了推秧装置的工作过程,建立了分插机构的动力学模型,并在试验台上进行了试验研究。最后利用模型对改进方案进行了优化计算。理论和试验结果表明,推秧装置在工作过程中形成的力学效果不能忽略。通过动力学分析找到了提高单位时间播次的方法。     

Resistance of bacterial communities in the potato rhizosphere to disturbance and its application to agroecology

Soil bacteria have the ability to increase agricultural sustainability through the production of biopesticides and biofertilizers. Application of bacteria to field crops often results in sporadic colonization and unpredictable crop performance. This research sought to understand the colonization of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) rhizosphere using reciprocal transplants. Plants were grown in a forest or an agricultural soil and then transplanted into either the same soil or the opposite soil. Bacterial communities were profiled using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and analyzed using pairwise comparisons. The results revealed that the bacterial community that colonized the rhizosphere in the first soil remained mostly intact for 30 days after the plants were transplanted into another soil in which the soil bacteria community differed from that found in the original soil. The concept that it may be possible to establish a functional microbiota and to deliver it to an agricultural environment was tested. A nitrogen-fixing bacterial community was established on plants grown under tissue culture conditions and the plants were transplanted into a field soil. Plants inoculated with eight separate nitrogen-fixing communities showed an average fivefold increase in dry biomass when compared to mock-inoculated plants and the microbial profiles remained distinct at 30 days after transplantation. These results demonstrate that the plant rhizosphere is a resistant community and that the first bacterial community that becomes established on the root remains with the plant even when the plant is placed into soil with a vastly different microbiota.     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

番木瓜实生苗两性株的鉴定及其组培繁殖体系的建立

本研究以多重PCR技术鉴定的番木瓜实生苗两性株茎尖作为外植体,建立和优化了一套组培苗繁殖体系,解决了成龄侧芽来源的无根苗催根难和移栽成活率低的问题。以‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’番木瓜品种的实生苗,通过多重PCR鉴定出两性株,将其茎尖培养于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖 30 g/L+琼脂 6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件培养30 d后,继代于MS+BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.25 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6 g/L（pH 5.8）上,在28 ℃、2000 lx条件下培养30 d形成较为强壮的无根苗,接种于1/2MS+IBA 0.75 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+KT 0.01 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂 6g/L（pH 5.8）上进行催根,在28 ℃、1500 lx条件下培养20 d后,用不同浓度营养生根水和不同处理时间对‘蔬罗’‘蜜红’无根苗进行移栽试验,以确定最佳催根率和移栽成活率的浓度和时间。研究结果表明：多重PCR技术鉴定性别的准确率达98%以上,‘蔬罗’在50 mg/L营养生根水和8 h处理条件下获得催根率为81.1%、移栽成活率为91.1%。而‘蜜红’品种则催根率为60%、移栽成活率为86.7%。因此利用这一技术获得的结果相比成龄侧芽优势明显,可用于番木瓜种苗的商业化生产。     

坛紫菜自由丝状体移植育苗的初步研究

为建立有效的坛紫菜自由丝状体移植育苗技术,以坛紫菜的2个选育品系"申福1号"和"申福2号"及野生型品系为实验对象,初步研究了自由丝状体的移植量、移植后培养的光密度和温度对贝壳丝状体的生长和壳孢子放散量的影响,结果如下:当自由丝状体移植量为50～500 mg/m2,随着移植量的增加,贝壳丝状体的藻落数显著增加,但移植量如果超过100 mg/m2,贝壳丝状体的壳孢子放散量反而减少。培养光密度在10～50μmol photons/(m2.s)范围内,随着光密度的增加,贝壳丝状体的生长速度明显增快,但壳孢子的放散量却随着光密度的提高而减少。培养温度在15～25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,贝壳丝状体的生长明显加快;在15～20℃范围内,壳孢子放散量随着培养温度的升高而增加,在20～25℃范围内,壳孢子放散量反而随着培养温度的升高而减少。上述结果表明,在坛紫菜自由丝状体移植育苗中,过大的丝状体移植量、过高的培养温度和光密度均会导致贝壳丝状体的壳孢子放散量减少。     

草莓穴盘苗移栽末端执行器设计与试验

穴盘草莓的长苗、大苗株特点和弓背向外的特殊移栽要求,使其自动化移栽存在困难。首先进行了草莓苗坨的单指刺入力和拔苗阻力试验,进而提出并开展了有约束苗坨的双指夹拔破坏试验。试验发现双针取苗指的苗坨刺入阻力与刺入速度、深度、含水率相关,50 mm和100 mm深度的最大刺入阻力分别可达21.47 N和57.09 N。双指的夹茎拔苗阻力可达9.64 N,而当取苗针滑移量为20 mm和40 mm时约束夹拔力分别可达10.85 N和42.5 N,但过大滑移量对精准可靠移栽极为不利。根据草莓穴盘苗的物理特性、苗坨的力学特性,设计了带双爪可同步换向变距的四针式移栽末端执行器。以有效缩减取苗爪宽度和摆动传动角为双重目标进行了多连杆定角斜插式双指四针取苗爪的非线性规划,得到了优化的机构参数。换向变距装置通过微型行程开关与微型电磁吸盘配合,实现了双取苗爪的快速同步换向变距和可靠定位。验证试验表明,在加速度不大于0.20 mm/s2时取出率和取苗成功率分别在93%和90%以上,加速度过大则可能造成取苗针滑脱和苗坨下部断裂,换向变距装置有效解决了弓背朝外问题和相邻两列同时移栽的间距调整问题,栽苗试验中放苗顺利且直立度和深度均达到移栽要求,且移栽后10 d草莓苗完全成活,该末端执行器可满足草莓穴盘苗的移栽作业需要。