半干旱区玉米行距调整增密对群体冠层结构及产量的影响

为增加玉米种植密度,构建不同的群体冠层结构,以玉米不同行距配置为基础,研究乳熟期玉米群体的光能利用情况,分析不同行距配置对冠层结构及产量、产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,玉米产量与群体消光系数达到显著相关,且为负相关。在吉林省半干旱区玉米宽窄行行距70-30 cm和宽窄行行距80-30 cm配置下玉米群体对光能资源的利用达到最佳,且有效提高玉米群体产量,增产分别达到8.06%和22.82%。     

Wetting rate and sodicity effects on interrill erosion from semi-arid Israeli soils

Interrill erosion depends on soil detachment and sediment transport, which are affected by seal formation and runoff. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of wetting rate (WR) on runoff and soil erosion in semi-arid Israeli soils varying in clay content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Six soils, ranging in clay content between 90 and 680 g kg⁻¹ and ESP between 0.9 and 20, were packed in 0.2 m×0.4 m trays, wetted at 3 WRs (2, 8, or 64 mm h⁻¹), and thereafter exposed to 60 mm of distilled water rain in a laboratory rainfall simulator. Under non-sodic conditions (ESP<2), highest runoff and erosion were obtained from loam (220 g kg⁻¹ clay and 350 g kg⁻¹ silt) which was ascribed to its high susceptibility to seal formation, runoff and detachability. Runoff and erosion increased with an increase in ESP and WR. The effect of WR on runoff and erosion was negligible in loamy sand and generally increased with an increase in clay content. In clay soils (>600 g kg⁻¹ clay), WR played a greater role in determining runoff and erosion compared with raindrop impact. A linear type dependence existed between erosion and runoff for soils with ESP<5 or when slow WR was used. For high ESP soils, or when medium or fast WR were used, an exponential type relation described better the dependence of erosion on runoff. It is suggested that for sodic soils or for conditions favoring aggregate slaking, runoff level and its velocity were high enough to initiate rill erosion that supplemented raindrop detachment in markedly increasing erosion.     

Environmental controls on photosynthetic production and ecosystem respiration in semi-arid grasslands of Mongolia

The Mongolian steppe zone comprises a major part of East Asian grasslands. The objective of this study was to separately evaluate the quantitative dependencies of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) on the environmental variables of temperature, moisture, radiation, and plant biomass in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. We determined GPP and R_eco using transparent and opaque closed chambers in a grassland dominated by Poaceae species in central Mongolia during five periods: July 2004, May 2005, July 2005, September 2005, and June 2006. Values of GPP were linearly related to live aboveground biomass (AGB) enclosed by the chamber. The amount of GPP per unit ground area differed among the study periods, whereas GPP normalized by the amount of AGB did not differ significantly among the periods, suggesting that plant production per unit green biomass did not depend on the phenological stage. GPP/AGB fit well a rectangular hyperbolic light–response curve for all the study periods. When the air and soil were dry, considerable reduction in GPP was observed. The GPP/AGB ratio was also expressed as individual functions of air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and volumetric soil water content. R_eco was exponentially related to the soil temperature and the relationship was modified by soil moisture. The amount of R_eco and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) declined with decreasing soil moisture. Sharp increases of R_eco after rainfall events were observed. The values of R_eco, even including the rain-induced pulses, were expressed well as a bivariate function of soil temperature and soil moisture near the soil surface.     

减穴增株在半干旱区全膜双垄沟播玉米上的应用研究

为进一步优化全膜双垄沟播玉米生产技术,2020 — 2022年在甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区研究了玉米减穴增株高产高效栽培技术。试验采用全膜双垄沟播技术,设每穴留苗1株(对照)、留苗2 株、留苗3 株、留苗4株4个处理,观察各处理下玉米经济性状、生育期和产量。结果表明,在密度相同的情况下,全膜双垄沟播玉米每穴留苗3株、4株主要性状明显优于每穴留苗1株。每穴苗4株玉米折合产量为7 723.48 kg/hm2,较每穴留苗1株增产723.48 kg/hm2,增产率10.34%;每穴留苗3株为7 549.24 kg/hm2,较每穴留苗1株增产549.24 kg/hm2,增产率7.85%,增产效果明显。该种植模式适宜在海拔2 000 m以下、年降水量350～500 mm的半干旱雨养农业区应用。     

半干旱区中耕深松对土壤水分和作物产量的影响

为了提高半干旱区旱作农田对天然降雨的利用率,打破犁底层,增加雨水入渗,达到蓄水保墒、提高作物产量的目的,2008~2009年在朝阳半干旱区对旱地玉米和大豆进行中耕深松试验。研究表明,深松能打破犁底层,降低表层土壤容重和根系穿透阻力,提高土壤孔隙度。与对照相比,深松可以增加土壤含水量并可以提高水分入渗深度,深松区土壤水分入渗深度可达80 cm左右,未深松区土壤水分入渗深度只有40 cm左右。深松使玉米根干重增加幅度为3.6%~6.1%,使大豆根干重增加15.1%,并使大豆主根系入土深度增加3 cm,玉米增产幅度1.9%~11.3%,在干旱年份增产效果明显,大豆增产19.47%。     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。     

北方半干旱区的PDSI和SPI比较研究

以北方半干旱地区老哈河流域为研究区域,利用流域内及其周边15个气象站1957～2008年的长序列日观测资料,计算逐月的帕默尔干旱指标(Palmer Drought Severity Index,PDSI)和不同时间尺度(1、3、6及12月)的标准化降水指标(Standard Precipitation Index,SPI)。结果表明,52年间分别有6段主要的湿润期和干旱期,持续时间都在1年以上,说明老哈河流域旱涝持续性较强。将不同时间尺度的SPI与PDSI进行对比发现,随着时间尺度的增大,SPI对干旱持续性的表现能力增强,12个月时间尺度的SPI与PDSI一致性较好。     

宁南半干旱地区豌豆农田微集水种植技术研究

在宁南旱作农业区用豌豆进行的田间试验表明：采用微集水种植方式,豌豆耗水量增加９６．５％－１１４．９％,产量提高４８．４％－９０．２％,水分利用效率达４．５５－８．６３ｋｇ／ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２;处理中窄垄型增产效果优于宽垄型。集水种植技术是提高半干旱地区降水利用率的有效种植方式。     

Bradford-reactive soil proteins and aggregate stability under abandoned versus tilled olive groves in a semi-arid calcisol

Glomalin, a substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is reported to play a role in soil aggregation, but this role has been questioned in soils rich in calcium carbonate. We studied the relationship between aggregation stability and glomalin in a Haplic Calcisol comparing abandoned and active cultivation of olive groves. Abandonment was associated with increases in soil organic carbon, the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA_1-2mm), and easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. WSA_1-2mm was strongly positively correlated with both easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. While easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein measured in both stable and unstable aggregates did not show any significant differences, Bradford-reactive soil protein was twice as high in stable than in unstable aggregates under both tillage and abandonment. Our results suggest that Bradford-reactive soil protein influences aggregate stability, even in soils with low organic matter and high calcium carbonate contents. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein in soil aggregation.