Glomalin is a recently discovered glypoproteinaceous substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that plays an important role in structuring soil. We quantified soil fungal hyphal length and glomalin content at vegetated and open microsites in Stipa tenacissima steppes of SE Spain. Soils underneath the canopy of S. tenacissima had higher glomalin pools compared to open microsites. We also found significant differences between sites, suggesting the presence of landscape level heterogeneity in glomalin concentration. Soil fungal hyphal length also differed significantly among the sites, but there was no significant effect of microsite. Water-stable aggregates (1-2 mm diameter; WSA1-2 mm), however, while differing among sites, did not vary as a function of microsite. Furthermore, WSA1-2 mm was negatively correlated with glomalin fractions, as well as soil organic C. Carbonates were likely the major binding agents in these carbonate-rich (average carbonate content: 71%) soils, and not organic C (including glomalin). AMF-mediated stabilization of soil aggregates did not contribute to the formation and maintenance of fertile islands underneath the canopy of S. tenacissima. 相似文献
A field experiment was conducted in the semi arid tropics to study the effects of soil structural modification on cropping systems. The aim was to improve crop production and land resource protection using innovative soil management practices. Tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems were compared for 5 years in an Alfisol at ICRISAT in India. Crop yield parameters, including grain and biomass yield, leaf area index, crop cover, and plant height were measured. Results indicate significant benefits to annual crop yield (maize, sorghum) from improved water supply due to mulching with farmyard manure or and rice straw, and due to rotation with prior-perennial crops. Grain yields were 16 to 59% higher in mulched treatments compared to unmulched treatments, with similar increases for fodder yields. Annual crop yields after 4 years of perennials were 14 to 81% higher than unmulched treatments, except for low fertility maize grown after buffel grass. The interaction with chemical fertility was less clear than for water supply. The results have implications for soil management throughout the semi-arid tropics. 相似文献
This study examined the interactions between the inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, namely, Glomus intraradices, Glomus deserticola and Glomus mosseae, and the addition of a liquid organic amendment at different rates (0, 50, 100 or 300 mg C of liquid amendment per kilogram soil) obtained by alkaline extraction of composted dry olive residue with respect to their effects on growth of Retama sphaerocarpa seedlings and on some microbiological and physical properties of soil. One year after planting, both mycorrhizal inoculation treatments and the addition of amendment had increased plant growth and dehydrogenase, urease and benzoyl argininamide hydrolysing activities. The inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant growth to a greater extent than the addition of the amendment (about 35% greater than plants grown in the amended soil and about 79% greater than control plants) and both treatments produced similar increases in soil aggregate stability (about 31% higher than control soil). The organic amendment produced a very significant decrease in the levels of microbial biomass C and a strong increase in soil dehydrogenase and urease activities, which were proportional to the amendment rate. Only the combined treatment involving the addition of a medium dose of amendment (100 mg C kg−1 soil) and the mycorrhizal inoculation with G. intraradices or G. deserticola produced an additive effect on the plant growth with respect to the treatments applied individually (about 77% greater than plants grown in the amended soil and about 63% greater than inoculated plants). 相似文献
Preferential flow may strongly affect hydrology at different scales. Measurement of preferential flow however remains very difficult. Tracer-infiltration profiles are often used to measure the degree of preferential flow at plot scale. These experiments are time-consuming, costly and destructive. As a result existing dye-tracer studies are often based on a limited number of profiles. The aim of this study is therefore to select a limited number of soil and landscape characteristics with high predictive value for the degree of preferential flow. 18 rainfall simulations with a dye-tracer and additional site measurements such as soil type, vegetation type and soil physical parameters were performed in a 1 km2 catchment in the Dehesa (Extremadura, Spain). A stepwise multiple regression procedure was used to select variables with a high predictive value for the degree of preferential flow. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to analyze the main processes that determine changes in landscape patterns and vegetation cover from 1957-1994 to develop a model for land cover dynamics. Land cover and landscape patterns were assessed and compared using aerial photographs taken in 1957, 1985, and 1994. Over this period, tall grass steppe and arid garrigues increased by 6% and 4%, respectively, while crop fields decreased by 15% and tall arid brush remained the same. Over the same period, tall grass steppes and arid garrigues became less fragmented.Changes in land use were triggered by socioeconomic forces, which were constrained by the underlying structure of the physical landscape. The best preserved vegetation (tall arid brushes) was concentrated at higher elevations, with a pronounced slope, not oriented towards the sea, and in volcanic substrate. Communities tended to be better preserved further away from towns and at lower house densities. Tall grass steppe was present on more gradual sea-oriented slope and in calcareous substrate, and increased at higher elevations, although not far from the town but away from high anthropogenic influence. Previous studies have revealed that traditional land uses of this landscape, particularly grazing, favoured the transition from tall arid brush to tall grass steppe. In this study, we analyzed to what extent the underlying structure of the physical landscape imposes limitations to the vulnerability to human activity of the main vegetation types. According to the data on the probability of vegetation transition over the 37-year period, the shift from tall arid brush to tall grass steppe appeared to be favoured by gradual slopes. Tall arid brush recovered from either arid garrigues or tall grass steppes at steeper slopes. Thus, steep terrain had a favourable effect on the formation of brushwood and more gradual terrain favoured tall grass steppe. The prevalent trends were confirmed by a projection of a transition matrix over 100 years.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
This paper deals with the evolution of abandoned fields in semi-arid environments. The study has been carried out in the Central Ebro Depression, NE Spain, where large areas traditionally cropped with cereals alternating with fallow have been recently set-aside, following the agrarian policy of the European Union. Most of the information has been obtained using a rainfall simulator on 220 m2, open plots, reproducing six possible land-uses: control plot 1 (abandoned), control plot 2 (abandoned, adding chemical fertilizer), cereal, fallow land, fallow land with organic fertilizer and fallow land with chemical fertilizer. The results obtained show that abandoned land produces a very quick response to precipitation, high peak flows and runoff coefficients, and a shallow wetting front, confirming the effects of the low density of plant cover and the development of a microcrust. Fertilizing fallow land plots increases the penetration of the wetting front, with moderate impact on the other hydrologic parameters. The study demonstrates that (i) surface runoff is controlled by the addition (or not) of fertilizer; and (ii) sediment concentration is mostly controlled by ploughing. 相似文献
Four common agroforestry trees, including both exotic and native species, were used to provide a range of leafing phenologies to test the hypothesis that temporal complementarity between trees and crops reduces competition for water in agroforestry systems during the cropping period and improves utilisation of annual rainfall. Species examined included Melia volkensii, which sheds its leaves twice a year, Senna spectabilis and Gliricidia sepium, which shed their leaves once during the long dry season, and the evergreen Croton megalocarpus. Phenological patterns were examined in relation to climatic conditions in the bimodal rainfall regions of Kenya to identify factors which dictate the intensity of competition between trees and crops.
The main differences in leaf cover patterns were between indigenous and exotic tree species. The Central American species, S. spectabilis and G. sepium, shed their foliage during the dry season before the short rains, whereas the native species, M. volkensii and C. megalocarpus, exhibited reduced leaf cover during both dry seasons. C. megalocarpus was the only species to maintain leaf cover throughout the 2-year experimental period. M. volkensii and S. spectabilis exhibited similar leafing phenology, losing almost all leaf cover during the long dry season (July–October) and flushing before the onset of the ensuing rains. S. spectabilis lost few leaves during the short dry season, whereas M. volkensii shed a greater proportion of its foliage before flushing prior to the long rains (March–July). M. volkensii lost much of its leaf cover during the 1997/1998 short rains (October–February), when soil water content was unusually high. Although essentially evergreen, leaf cover in C. megalocarpus decreased during the dry season and increased rapidly during periods of high rainfall. G. sepium exhibited a period of low leaf cover during the long dry season and did not regain full leaf cover until mid-way through the short rains. The mechanisms responsible for these phenological changes and the implications of tree phenology for resource utilisation and competition with crops are discussed. 相似文献