Irrigated cotton in the tropical dry season. I: Yield,its components and crop development

Growing cotton during the dry (winter) season avoids many insect pests endemic in the wet season (summer) and could permit the reintroduction of cotton to the semi-arid tropics in Australia. This research addressed the questions: (1) what yield is possible given the lower mid-season radiation and temperature of the dry season, (2) the prediction and management of crop development using a range of sowing months to assess whether cotton can be grown and picked within the dry season. Over three seasons two Gossypium hirsutum L. (upland) cultivars and one Gossypium barbadense L. cultivar were sown from March, to June at the Ord River (15.5°S) in Western Australia. For the upland cultivars, lint yields of 1900–2300 kg/ha for March and April sowings were at the high end of Australian and International benchmarks. High lint yields were linearly correlated with a greater proportion of bolls that were located on outer sites on fruiting branches than for high yielding crops in temperate climates (∼30°lat.). The change in boll position increased the length of the growing season which was also linearly correlated with yield. Future research needs to confirm if low minimum temperatures early in flowering caused the change in boll position and to measure the impact of extreme temperature seasons on yield and time to maturity. The lint yield of the G. barbadense cultivar was highest at a March sowing, at least 87% of the upland cultivars, which is comparable with temperate climates. The frequency of temperatures >35 °C and <11 °C affected time to squaring, requiring modification of existing development models derived in temperate climates. It was concluded sowing during March to April should achieve the dual objectives of high yields and avoidance of rain at maturity. The wide temperature range observed in these experiments improved the prediction of boll period from mean temperature; this function should be applicable outside the semi-arid tropics.     

Irrigated cotton in the tropical dry season. II: Biomass accumulation,partitioning and RUE

Growing cotton during the tropical dry season avoids many insect pests endemic in the wet season. The impact of low mid-season radiation and night temperature that characterise the dry season, on the conversion of radiation to biomass (RUE) and the partitioning of this biomass were measured as these were largely unknown. Over three seasons, two Gossypium hirsutum (upland) cultivars and a Gossypium barbadense cultivar were sown from March to June at the Ord River (15.5°S), Western Australia. For the highest yielding March and April sowings, final biomass was similar to high yielding temperate grown cotton (∼30° latitude) and was generally greater than May or June sowings. However, biomass was accumulated differently: maximum growth rate was 6–12 g/m²/day for 78–134 days compared with 15–25 g/m²/day for 25–60 days reported for temperate grown cotton. RUE changed significantly with ontogeny, peaking between squaring and early flowering. The range in RUE of 1.2–2.0 g/MJ throughout the crop lifecycle for the upland cultivars was similar to temperate climates where biomass was corrected to a glucose equivalent. The RUE of 1.2–2.3 g/MJ measured over the lifecycle of G. barbadense cultivar was the first reported for this species. From first square to first flower the variation in RUE could be explained by a linear decline (p < 0.05) with temperature, which may limit vegetative biomass in May and June sowings and in cooler than average seasons for March and April sowings. Due to favourable temperatures and water supply, sowing in March would have the greatest risk of rank growth. It was concluded the low temperature and radiation during flowering and boll growth combined to reduce crop growth rate but high yields were achieved when the crop boll filling phase was extended. Management must be tailored to ensure a high proportion of boll growth (60–80%) can occur after vegetative growth has terminated.     

半干旱典型草原区封育草地土壤结构特征研究

以宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区典型草原为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,以坡耕地为对照,对封育演替草地百里香(Thymus mongolicus Ronn.)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.)、大针茅(Stipa grandis P.Smirn.)和本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana Trin.)群落0~10cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体分布、孔隙度及土壤结构评价指标进行了研究和分析。结果表明:草地实施封育措施能明显改善土壤结构特征,随着草地植被自然演替,土壤的结构稳定性和孔隙状况逐步得到提高;在演替过程中,封育草地土壤的>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSAC)、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和孔隙分形维数(D_p)逐渐增加,团聚体分形维数(D_a)逐渐减少,说明植被演替能促进形成良好的土壤结构;同时,土壤结构影响因素随着草地植被演替过程表现出有机碳含量显著增加,容重显著降低,毛管孔隙度逐渐增大,非毛管孔隙度逐渐降低。本研究还比较了多项土壤结构评价指标,表明与MWD和GMD相比,指标WSAC(>0.25mm)、D_a及D_p能更好地反映出各封育草地群落之间土壤结构的差异,并与大部分影响因素具有相关关系,适宜作为该地区土壤结构的评价指标。     

保水剂用法和用量对马铃薯产量和效益的影响

为了促进宁南半干旱山区产业支柱作物马铃薯的生产,解决马铃薯生产、特别是苗期的干旱缺水问题,本研究采用田问试验方法,进行保水剂用法和用量对马铃薯产量和效益的试验.结果表明,马铃薯苗期每公顷穴施保水剂15～60 kg,能促进马铃薯干物质的积累和提高光合生产率,其中以苗期每公顷穴施30 kg用量效果最好,其产量和商品薯分别比对照高出25.26～27.30%、204.46%～237.50%,增收2257.5～2500.5元/hm2.研究表明,宁南半干旱区及其同类地区旱地种植马铃薯,保水剂应用的适宜施用方式和用量是苗期穴施30 kg/hm2.     

谷子水分代谢及高效用水的栽培生理

根据多年研究结果,阐述了谷子体内外水分交换、体内水分状况及水分平衡。从水分代谢系统和干物质生产系统两个方面,讨论了谷子高效用水的栽培生理基础及措施。     

轮作和施肥对半干旱区作物地上部生物量与土壤有机碳的影响

 【目的】了解轮作与施肥对土壤有机碳的影响是建立持续发展措施的关键。【方法】以长期定位试验（1984～2002）中的10个典型处理为基础,分析了地上部生物量和耕层（0～20 cm）土壤有机碳变化,探讨半干旱区轮作和施肥对0～20 cm土层有机碳的影响,10个典型处理分别为休闲（F）;冬小麦连作体系中的3个施肥处理：不施肥（W/W+CK）、化肥（W/W+NP）、化肥有机肥（W/W+NP-FYM）;冬小麦-冬小麦+糜子-豌豆轮作体系中的3个施肥处理：不施肥（W/WM/P +CK）、化肥（W/WM/P +NP）、化肥有机肥（W/WM/P+NP-FYM）处理;1个冬小麦—冬小麦-红豆草轮作处理（W/W/S+NP）;人工苜蓿中2个施肥处理：不施肥（A/A+CK）和化肥有机肥处理（A/A+NP-FYM）。【结果】冬小麦连作体系（W/W）中,不施肥处理（W/W+CK）的地上部生物量平均为3.3 t•ha-1,化肥处理（W/W+NP）和化肥有机肥处理（W/W+NP-FYM）依次为7.5和11.2 t•ha-1;冬小麦-冬小麦+糜子-豌豆轮作（W/WM/P）体系中,不施肥处理（W/WM/P+CK）地上部生物量平均3.1 t•ha-1,W/WM/P+NP和W/WM/P＋NP-FYM地上部生物量依次为7.1和8.3 t•ha-1;冬小麦-冬小麦-红豆草轮作（W/W/S+NP）为8.5 t•ha-1;苜蓿连作不施肥（A/A +CK）和化肥有机肥处理（A/A+NP-FYM）体系地上部生物量依次为4.1和5.0 t•ha-1。18年期间, W/W+CK处理土壤有机碳含量（6.7 g•kg-1）无显著变化,W/W+NP和W/W+NP-FYM处理提高13%和51%; W/WM/P+CK土壤有机碳含量（7.0 g•kg-1）无显著变化,W/WM/P+NP和W/WM/P＋NP-FYM土壤有机碳提高7%和47%;W/W/S+NP处理土壤有机碳提高了29%;A/A+CK和A/A+NP-FYM处理有机碳提高了43%和71%。【结论】轮作与施肥显著影响土壤碳输入量,18年期间土壤蓄存的碳与累计输入土壤的有机碳存在显著的线性相关关系（SOC=1.65CReturned+5.95,R2＝0.95＊＊）。秸秆还田、草粮轮作或退耕还草是改善该地区土壤质量,实现土壤蓄存碳潜力的重要途径。     

浅谈半干旱地区侧柏造林技术

通过对种子采集、育苗、集水整地、栽植等步骤的阐述,介绍了半干旱地区侧柏造林技术。     

云雾山封育草地土壤养分变化特征

以云雾山封育23年的天然草地为对象,研究黄土高原半干旱区5种群落类型土壤养分的变异特征。结果表明:在自然恢复过程中,本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)、百里香(Thymus mongolicus)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia veslita)、白颖苔草(Carex rigescens)和退化本氏针茅,土壤有机质含量、全量及速效氮磷钾含量均比对照区显著提高,其中恢复年限愈长,养分增加幅度愈大,其次序为:封育23年>封育12年>退化草地;同时,在0~100 cm土层中,土壤养分随着土层的加深呈逐渐降低的趋势。     

Foliar Values and Water Use Efficiency of Semi-arid Plants in Horqin Sandy Land,China

Water was a key factor restricting the plantation in sandy areas.Foliar δ13C value regarded as an indicator of longterm water use efficiency (WUE) of plants was generally used to evaluate the adaptability of plants to arid and semi-arid environment.In Horqin sandy land of China,the foliar δ13C values of 114 species in 35 families naturally growing in the area,and 15 species of sand-fixing trees and shrubs were measured and analyzed in 2012.The results showed that 97 species in all 114 species were C3 plants and only 17 species were C4 plants.Most C4 plants belonged to Gramineae family.The foliar δ13C value of C3 plants was between-25.000 and-31.075‰ with an average of-28.226‰,while those of C4 plants between-12.578 and -16.334‰,with an average of-13.678‰.The δ13C values of mature leaves collected in August were averagely 0.85‰ less than that of juvenile leaves collected in June.The foliar δ13C values and WUE of 15 sand-fixing tree species in Horqin sandy land ranked in the order as:S.vulgaris ＞H.rhamnoides ＞C.ovata ＞P.mongolica ＞ T.chinensis ＞R.typhina ＞S.matsudana ＞E.angustifolia ＞U.pumila ＞S.gordejevii ＞X.sorbifolia ＞C.microphylla ＞H.fruticosum ＞C.korshinskii ＞E.bungeanus.     

水分胁迫对半干旱区春小麦旗叶蛋白质代谢的影响

对分布于半干旱区的春小麦在大田自然水分胁迫和供水处理下旗叶的蛋白质代谢动态进行了比较研究。结果表明：两种处理下旗叶可溶性蛋白质蛋白质含量变化趋势相似，但水分胁迫下含旦远高于供水处理；游离氨基酸含量变化不大；旗叶发育的５－２５天时，水分胁迫虽然抑制了蛋白质合成活性和氨肽酶活性，提高了蛋白酶活性，但对三者由增高到降低趋势并无明显影响；旗叶生长的３５－４５天时，水分胁迫不仅同时提高了蛋白抽合成活性、蛋白