保水剂对橡胶树专用肥氮钾淋出特性的影响

[目的]探寻减少橡胶树专用肥淋溶损失的途径,提高橡胶树专用肥利用率。[方法]采用在橡胶树专用肥中添加保水剂的方法,模拟橡胶树每年第3次施肥期(9月份)的降雨量,开展间歇性土柱淋溶试验。研究了CMC(羧甲基纤维素钠),PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)和PAA(聚丙烯酸钠)这3种保水剂对橡胶树专用肥氮素、钾素释放特征及淋溶损失的影响,筛选保水剂及合理施用比例。[结果]3种保水剂对橡胶树专用肥中氮素、钾素的淋失均有抑制作用,其中保水剂PAM用量为6%时对橡胶树专用肥中的氮素、钾素淋失抑制效果最佳。该处理对氮素、钾素首次淋失抑制率分别为44.73%,57.16%,淋溶结束时氮素、钾素累积淋出量分别较未添加保水剂的对照处理减少了20.20%,14.87%。[结论]在橡胶树专用肥中添加保水剂可有效降低橡胶树专用肥中氮素、钾素的淋溶损失。     

新型杀菌剂苯菌酮在3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为

农药在土壤中的淋溶规律已成为研究热点之一,同时也是农药登记的必备数据。建立了土壤中苯菌酮残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,并通过土壤薄层层析和土柱淋溶试验,研究了苯菌酮在我国3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为。结果表明:苯菌酮在3种土壤中的平均添加回收率在81%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~13.4%,检出限(LOD)为0.29~0.30μg/kg。薄层层析试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤和黑龙江黑土中的比移值(Rf)分别为0.17、0.26和0.15。土柱淋溶试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤及黑龙江黑土第1段(0~10 cm)土柱中的含量比例(R1)分别为原始添加量的99%、80%和99%。根据我国化学农药环境安全评价标准,苯菌酮在3种土壤中的迁移特性均为不易移动,因此不易对地下水造成污染。研究结果可为苯菌酮在我国登记以及其安全使用提供基础数据。     

不同环境温度下沼液养分在土壤中的淋失模拟研究

沼液因其养分利用率高,被广泛应用于农业生产中,而环境温度可通过影响土壤的物理化学性质,影响沼液养分的淋溶损失。试验采用土柱模拟法,研究了不同环境温度对土壤沼液养分淋溶的影响,旨在揭示不同季节土壤养分淋溶可能存在的差异,为生产中合理施用沼液提供理论依据。土柱规格为内径7.5 cm、高20 cm的聚氯乙烯(PVC)管,按每公顷施入0,130和260 kg N,设置每土柱沼液灌溉总量为0,200和400 mL。按当地年平均降雨量的70%计算实际浇灌量为1500 mL,分5次每隔6 d模拟不同降雨次数进行浇灌。沼液浇灌前用清水补足不足部分并混匀。土柱放置于20和30℃的温室培养,每次淋溶后收集土壤淋溶液,测定其全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷和电导率。结果表明,施用沼液后淋溶液中氮、磷、钾淋失量较清水对照显著增大,其中40 mL沼液水平下,全氮含量平均增加73%,全磷含量增加880%,全钾含量增加388%,且随着沼液用量的增加淋溶液中的养分浓度呈增加趋势。环境温度的提高增加了沼液养分在土壤中的淋溶损失,30℃时淋溶液中的硝态氮、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷含量及电导率整体高于20℃,其中全氮平均提高14.68%,全磷平均提高33.59%,全钾平均提高24.08%。整体而言,30℃下沼液养分较20℃时更易发生淋失。因此,在农业生产中,应适当减少夏季高温时的沼液施用次数,增加春秋季节施用次数,但沼液用量不要超过130 kg N/hm²,防止沼液养分大量流失,污染周边环境。     

不同林龄木麻黄浸提液的GC-MS分析

选用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对不同林龄木麻黄根、根际土壤及凋落物的水浸提液进行了检测并分析比较。发现鉴定出的物质主要为酸、酯、烷、醛、酮、酰胺及酚类等有机化合物。在不同林龄木麻黄样品中鉴定出的共有物质主要有7种,而鉴定出的特有物质有52种。这些物质主要来自木麻黄的凋落物中,根中检测出的种类次之,它们的相对百分含量在不同林龄不同部位的浸提液中占的比重较大,植物产生这些有机物与体内物质分泌途径、微生物作用以及木麻黄自身生长需要有关。这几十种物质究竟是否对木麻黄产生自毒作用及其作用机理尚待进一步研究。     

绿化植物废弃物对重金属迁移的影响

采用土柱模拟实验,比较研究了覆盖绿化植物废弃物与土壤之上和绿化植物废弃物与土壤混合处理对城市绿地土壤中重金属淋溶的影响。结果表明,Zn、Pb和Cd均在80天后淋溶完全,而Cu有所不同,在80天后又有增加的趋势,原因可能跟重金属与有机质的结合能力有关。此外,绿化植物废弃物与土壤相混合能抑制Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd向下淋溶,而绿化植物废弃物覆盖于土壤之上则有促进Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd淋溶的趋势,且不论是混合处理还是覆盖处理,20cm厚绿化植物废弃物的处理均比10cm厚绿化植物废弃物处理对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的促进或抑制作用大。研究还得知,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的迁移还与土壤pH有关,低pH土壤有利于重金属的淋溶。     

旱作地区长期小麦连作和苜蓿连作土壤剖面的矿质氮研究

对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。     

Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions.     

A geospatial and temporal framework for modeling gaseous N and other N losses from forest soils and basins,with application to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project,in Ontario,Canada

This article quantifies pre- to post-harvest gaseous N emissions and other N losses from forest soils and basins geospatially and temporally via digital elevation and hydrological modeling, using daily rain, snow and air temperature records, annual atmospheric N deposition rates, and basin-specific soil and forest specifications as input. The approach relates gaseous N losses from soils to soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) as affected by the depth-to-water (DTW) below the soil surface. The approach is applied to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project (TLW) in Ontario, 60 km north of Sault St. Marie, where basin-wide N losses due to denitrification would mostly be restricted to the wetland portions of the basin. Basin-wide N losses via denitrification and stream export (mineral N and dissolved organic N) were empirically related to upland N mineralization and soil leaching as controlling processes. The calibrated model calculations, set to conform to the field-monitored N concentrations in TLW streams, suggest that the harvest-induced nitrification and denitrification pulses would be strongest near the end of the first post-harvest year, dropping to background levels within about 4–5 years later. The article concludes with assessing basin-specific denitrification efficiencies in relation to atmospheric N deposition and basin-to-basin wetland coverage.     

Uranium recovery from leach solution in in situ leaching of uranium with ion exchange absorption

The absorption of uranium by ion exchange resin is studied based on the characters of pregnant solution for a new uranium in situ leaching mine. The resin types, the absorption parameters and the eluting parameters are chosen in the experiments. The results showd that the 201×7 strong alkaline anion exchange resin and TSF 2 anion exchange resin had good absorption and eluting effects. The fixed bed anion exchange absorption is a suitable technology and NH4NO3＋HNO3 mixed solution is an appropriate eluting reagent for this technology.     

蒸汽后处理对ACQ-D处理杉木中铜的抗水流失性的影响

该文考察了蒸汽后处理对ACQ-D处理材中有效成分铜的抗水流失性和化合价转变的影响,并通过SEM及FTIR谱图,对铜与木材组分间的固着反应及产物进行了分析。结果表明:与直接进行流失试验的ACQ-D处理材相比,蒸汽后处理可以在15 min内就明显降低铜的流失率,处理时间和蒸汽温度对铜的流失率影响较小。与气干处理材相比,蒸汽处理对试材中铜的化合价转变影响不大,因此可确保蒸汽后处理不会削弱ACQ-D处理材的耐腐性,但也无法生成更多抗流失性较好的一价铜离子化合物。SEM及FTIR谱图显示:蒸汽处理促进了铜胺溶液与木材间的反应,生成了大量晶体颗粒附着在木材细胞壁表面;铜在处理材中的固着反应场所主要是半纤维素和木素中的羧基、酚基、羰基及醚键。