农田土壤重金属淋洗剂筛选与效应分析

为分析不同淋洗剂在不同淋洗条件下对重金属淋洗效果的影响,采用振荡淋洗法对比研究4种淋洗剂(柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)和氨三乙酸三钠盐(NTA))不同浓度、淋洗时间、pH和固液比对重金属复合污染农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的淋洗效果及单因素最佳淋洗条件下土壤淋洗前后重金属不同形态含量的变化。结果表明,CA和TA的最佳淋洗浓度为0.3mol/L,EDTA和NTA为0.05mol/L;CA和NTA的最佳淋洗时间为480min,EDTA和TA为720min;4种淋洗剂的最佳淋洗pH均为3,最佳固液比均为1∶20。单因素最佳淋洗条件下,EDTA对土壤重金属去除效果最佳,对Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的去除率分别为67.4%,61.0%,13.8%和76.0%;NTA效果次之,去除率分别为41.6%,42.4%,9.9%和54.3%。土壤重金属去除率随淋洗剂pH的降低而升高,随固液比的增加而增加,随淋洗剂CA与TA浓度增大而增大。淋洗剂对土壤重金属的解吸动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型,解吸过程为化学解吸,且解吸反应速率受土壤重金属含量与淋洗剂浓度控制。土壤重金属在淋洗剂作用下的解吸速率为Cd>Pb≈Zn≈Cu。EDTA和NTA淋洗显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态和有机结合态的含量,CA和TA显著降低Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态的含量。淋洗剂对重金属的去除效率为EDTA>NTA>CA>TA。     

不同施肥模式对雷竹林氮磷流失的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究袋控释肥对集约经营雷竹林氮磷损失的影响。结果表明:施肥后雷竹林的径流液及渗漏液中氮磷含量随时间呈现先升后降的单峰变化趋势;袋控释肥处理中径流液全氮和全磷流失量分别为1 844.43,152.58 g/hm^2,比撒施肥处理减少了18.75%和40.94%;在渗漏液中,袋控释肥处理的全氮和全磷流失量为108.84,3.32 kg/hm^2,比撒施肥处理减少15.35%和22.91%;施肥后7天内,撒施肥处理的氨挥发占总氨挥发量的75.06%,而袋控释肥处理的氨挥发量在施肥后第28天才释放总量的68.06%,且袋控释肥处理的氨挥发量比撒施肥处理减少32.08%。因此,通过施用袋控释肥能有效降低雷竹林氮磷的损失,提高肥料利用率。     

滴灌和施用秸秆降低日光温室番茄地氮素淋溶损失

以一年两季设施番茄为对象,利用渗漏池收集渗漏液,研究了设施菜地不同灌溉模式(滴灌、漫灌)和施用有机物料(单施鸡粪M、鸡粪配施玉米秸秆M+C、鸡粪配施小麦秸秆M+W)对土壤矿质态氮、可溶性有机氮淋溶损失的影响。结果表明,日光温室栽培条件下,氮素的淋溶损失主要发生于秋冬季,滴灌和漫灌模式下,该季可溶性总氮淋失量占全年淋失量的56.8%和71.1%。漫灌模式下,冬春季和秋冬季可溶性总氮淋失量分别为114.3和281.1kg/hm~2,占单季氮投入量的12.5%和29.3%。与漫灌相比,滴灌使全年番茄产量和氮素吸收量分别显著提高15.6%和21.4%,氮素利用率(氮素吸收量/氮素投入量)显著提高47.5%,同时使全年矿质态氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别降低68.6和47.4 kg/hm~2,降幅分别为33.1%和39.6%。与单施鸡粪相比,鸡粪配施秸秆(玉米或小麦)对番茄产量无影响,但显著降低灌溉水渗漏量和氮素淋溶损失量,使全年灌溉水渗漏损失量平均降低24.3%,全年矿质态氮和可溶性有机氮淋失量分别平均降低26.6%和33.7%。综上,可溶性有机氮在氮素淋溶损失中不可忽视,滴灌模式通过降低渗漏液中氮的浓度,配施秸秆通过减少灌溉水的渗漏损失,进而降低可溶性氮的淋溶损失。     

有机肥配施保水剂对紫色土水分入渗及氮素淋溶的影响

以有机肥、保水剂(聚丙烯酰胺PAM、高分子吸水树脂SAP和沃特)为供试材料,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究有机肥配施保水剂对紫色黏土水分入渗及氮素淋溶的影响。结果表明:有机肥配施保水剂可有效增加土壤的保水保肥能力,是控制土壤水分和养分淋失的有效措施。单施有机肥和有机肥配施保水剂均降低了湿润锋运移深度和入渗速率。与对照相比,单施有机肥和有机肥配施保水剂处理的湿润锋运移深度降低了33.33%～46.49%,入渗速率降低了22.73%～31.82%,累计淋溶液体积降低了1.25%～6.78%。施用有机肥有一定增肥保肥能力,但随淋洗次数增加保肥能力逐渐降低,与对照相比,在持续淋溶条件下单施有机肥的硝态氮和全氮累计损失率分别升高了12.00%,17.51%。有机肥配施保水剂可有效减少氮素淋失量,降低氮素淋失率,提高土壤保肥能力。与施用有机肥相比,有机肥配施保水剂硝态氮损失率降低了35.49%～78.46%,全氮损失率降低了35.53%～71.85%,其中有机肥配施PAM处理保水保肥效果最好。     

Ability of sorption–desorption experiments to predict potassium leaching from calcareous soils

When potassium (K⁺) fertilizers are applied to the soil, K⁺ is subject to displacement through the soil profile. Leaching can play an important role in agricultural K⁺ losses that can decrease groundwater quality. To avoid overfertilization, estimation of K⁺ leaching from soil is important. The ability of the soils to retain K⁺ against leaching varies according to the adsorption coefficient of the soils. The aim of this study was to relate the K⁺ leaching from a wide range of calcareous soils to the values obtained from a sorption–desorption experiment. The soil columns were leached with 10 mM CaCl₂ solution and the leachate was analyzed for K⁺. The breakthrough curves for K⁺ were different, and the amounts of K⁺ leached varied considerably between different soils. In these calcareous soils where crops are irrigated with water containing significant concentrations of Ca²⁺ and other cations, large amounts of K⁺ will be leached. Cumulative K⁺ leached after five pore volumes leaching with 10 mM CaCl₂ was significantly (r = 0.776, p < 0.01) related to the equilibrium K⁺ concentration. The results of this study enabled us in many cases to estimate the K⁺ leaching from soil without conducting column experiments, minimizing the laborotary work.     

Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios and NO₃⁻-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher (p < 0.05) NH₃ losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH₃ losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N₂O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N₂O to N₂ under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO₃⁻-N was higher (p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO₃⁻-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO₃⁻-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO₃⁻-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO₃⁻-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO₃⁻-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH₃ and N₂O emissions.     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

基于文献计量分析作物水肥一体化研究特征、热点和趋势

为了解作物水肥一体化领域研究特征、热点问题和发展趋势,基于Web of Science数据库,利用CiteSpace和VOSviewer等可视化软件对作物水肥一体化领域相关文献(2003—2022年)进行文献计量分析。结果表明:1)该领域文章发表数量呈波动上升趋势,研究涉及农艺学、水资源学和植物科学等学科,最具影响力和权威性的期刊是Agricultural Water Management。2)国际合作方面,中国学者与美国、加拿大等国合作密切,其中与美国相关机构的学者合作最为密切;作物水肥一体化研究机构和学者较为分散,中国农业大学、佛罗里达大学、中国科学院和西北农林科技大学等机构和张富仓、康跃虎、林杉和Morgan Kelly T.等人开展了大量水肥一体化研究工作。3)作物水肥一体化研究主要采用田间试验和模型模拟方法,研究内容由早期的果树和甜椒等栽培作物产量和果实品质研究,过渡到作物水分、养分运移和硝酸盐淋溶再到注重提高作物的养分吸收和水肥利用效率并兼顾环境效益。综上,作物水肥一体化的研究热点主要集中在土壤水分、养分运移和硝酸盐淋溶动态的模拟研究、水肥耦合对作物产量影响研究、水肥利用效率提升与水肥精准调控、水肥一体化过程中温室气体排放与减排农艺管理措施等方面。随着物联网和人工智能等新兴技术的发展,未来作物水肥一体化研究将朝着数字化、智能化和精准化的方向发展。     

东北某污染场地土壤砷稳定化效果研究

为评估不同环境条件对场地土壤砷(As)稳定化效果的影响,采用不同添加量的FeCl (3 Fe/As物质的量比分别为2:1、3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1、7:1、8:1)对辽宁省某冶炼厂As污染场地土壤进行修复,通过测定As的浸出浓度和赋存形态筛选稳定化效果最佳的FeCl₃添加量;采用不同pH和不同液固比浸提稳定化后的土壤,通过测定As的浸出浓度研究不同环境条件下FeCl₃对As稳定化效果的影响。结果表明:与未加FeCl₃相比,各添加处理As浸出浓度降低了84.9%~92.8%(P<0.05),Fe/As物质的量比为6:1时As的浸出浓度最小,稳定效果最好。FeCl₃添加促进了As由活性较高的非专性吸附态和专性吸附态向活性较低的残渣态转化,有效态As含量降低了6.9%~8.4%。与酸性浸提相比,中性及碱性浸提条件下As的浸出浓度明显升高;浸提溶液pH为4时As的浸出浓度最低,pH为13时As的浸出浓度最高,二者相比As的浸出浓度增加了584.4%。与较高液固比浸提相比,较低的液固比浸提增加了As的浸出浓度(P<0.05);液固比为20:1时As的浸出浓度最低,浸出率最大,液固比为1:1时As的浸出浓度最高,浸出率最低。研究表明,FeCl₃可通过改变场地土壤中As的赋存形态有效降低As的浸出浓度,碱性和低液固比浸提增大了稳定化后土壤中As的环境风险。建议根据修复后场地土壤面临的实际环境选择相应的pH和液固比进行浸提,以安全评价As污染场地的稳定化效果及环境风险。     

铁改性油菜秸秆生物质炭对酸性茶园土壤氮磷淋失 及酶活性的影响

生物质炭是一种具有前景的土壤改良剂,目前针对铁改性油菜秸秆生物质炭对茶园土壤养分淋失的研究相对较少。通过向茶园土壤中添加改性、未改性油菜秸秆生物质炭（炭土质量比分别为1 %、3 %和5 %）后开展土柱淋溶及土壤培养实验,研究铁改性或未改性油菜秸秆生物质炭作用于土壤养分淋失及酶活性（蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶）的变化规律,旨在分析和比较铁改性及未改性生物质炭对茶园土壤微生物活性及养分循环的影响。结果表明,添加生物质炭可增加茶园土壤的保水能力, 土壤水分累积淋溶量随生物质炭添加量的增加显著减少, 添加5 %的改性生物质炭（g3）及未改性生物质炭（w3）分别较未添加生物质炭的土壤（CK）减小7.70 %和16.98 %。g3处理对土壤硝态氮和磷酸盐的固持作用最为显著,淋失量较CK处理分别减少31.82 %和60.56 %。生物质炭对茶园土壤酶活性存在一定促进作用,但添加改性或未改性生物炭对土壤酶活性的影响存在明显差异。其中, w3中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶分别显著高于其他处理14.85 %～25.10 %和19.00 %～48.98 %,添加3 %未改性生物质炭（w2）后,土壤过氧化氢酶活性高出其他处理2.14～29.33 μmol·h^-1·g^-1;g3处理对酸性磷酸酶促进作用最强。总的来说,未改性生物炭在增强茶园土壤持水能力及促进土壤酶活性方面要优于铁改性生物炭,而改性生物质炭对土壤氮磷养分的固持作用更为显著。因此,为改善茶园土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,应适量选取铁改性生物质炭。