Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

降水对京津冀中南部PM10和PM2.5清除作用的分析

利用京津冀中南部10个城市环境监测国控站点的2014～2016年PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度逐小时资料和中国气象局地面观测逐小时国家站降水资料,进行对比统计分析,探讨降水对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的湿清除作用。结果表明,京津冀中南部降水对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)湿清除效果随降雨总量、平均雨强、降水持续时间的增加而加强。当降雨总量大于10mm、平均雨强大于1mm、降水持续时间超过10h时,降水对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)湿清除效果最佳。降水前PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度与清除率呈非线性正相关关系,随浓度的增加,清除率将趋于稳定。     

Effects of Wnt10b on dermal papilla cells via the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway in the Angora rabbit

Wnt10b is a member of Wnt family that plays a variety of roles in biological functions, including those in the development of hair follicles. To investigate the effect of Wnt10b on hair growth in the Angora rabbit and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism, we cultured dermal papilla (DP) cells with exogenous Wnt10b in vitro. We observed the expressions of downstream critical gene β‐catenin and lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (LEF1) in Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. The levels of β‐catenin mRNA and protein were higher in the Wnt10b group of DP cells than in the Control group, and the mRNA level of LEF1 in the Wnt10b group was higher than in the Control group. Moreover, translocation of β‐catenin from cytoplasm to nucleus was activated in the Wnt10b group. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the hair follicle‐regulatory genes, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the protein activity of ALP was also upregulated in the Wnt10b group compared to their corresponding levels in the Control group. These data suggest that Wnt10b could activate the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway to induce DP cells in the Angora rabbit. In addition, the proliferation of DP cells was significantly promoted when cultured with Wnt10b for 48 and 72 hr, suggesting that Wnt10b plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and maintenance of DP cells in vitro. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Wnt10b may promote hair follicle growth in Angora rabbit through the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway that promotes the proliferation of DP cells.     

不同遮荫度对柱花草10^#生长和光合特性的影响

研究了不同遮荫度（O％,50％,75%）和遮荫期限（60d,120d）对柱花草10^#光合特性和生长的影响。结果表明：短期遮荫（60d）导致叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率下降,水分利用率WUE增加,植物量和根冠比减小,并且759／6遮荫处理与对照之间出现显著的差异（P〈O．05）,遮荫使叶片含水量、叶绿素含量显著增加,75％遮荫与对照有显著差异（P〈O．05）。长期遮荫（120d）使75％处理的叶绿素总量降低,植株高度、分蘖数比对照显著降低（P〈O．05）,叶片含水量的变化却不显著。     

羊口疮病毒疫苗株与野毒株VIL-10基因的比较分析

试验旨在比较分析羊口疮病毒（orf virus,ORFV）VIL-10基因在疫苗株和野毒株之间的差异特征。参照GenBank中公布的ORFV NZ2株的VIL-10基因序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,分别以疫苗株和野毒株提取的基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR方法扩增ORFV的VIL-10基因全序列并进行测序,应用生物信息学相关软件分析基因的核苷酸、氨基酸变异情况及蛋白结构。结果显示,本试验测定的疫苗株和野毒株VIL-10基因核苷酸序列同源性为94.4%,差异主要是单个碱基的突变,其中疫苗株在132~134 bp核苷酸序列出现缺失;氨基酸序列同源性为92.5%,出现了15个氨基酸位点的突变,其中疫苗株第42位氨基酸天冬酰胺出现缺失;蛋白质在一级结构及理化性质、二级结构、三级结构、抗原表位参数及有无信号肽之间均存在一定程度的差异,而疫苗株和野毒株编码的蛋白质均无跨膜结构域。系统进化树分析结果表明,本试验测定的野毒株与疫苗株属于不同分支,遗传关系较远。研究结果提示,野毒株与疫苗株的VIL-10基因发生较明显的变异,这些变异可能与ORFV疫苗株的毒力致弱有关。     

气候变暖对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961-2015年逐日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,对影响新疆核桃种植的关键气候因子（≥10℃积温、最低气温≤-25℃日数、最高气温≥40℃日数、终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数）的时空变化特征进行分析的基础上,结合核桃种植气候适宜性区划指标,研究了气候变化对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性及其分布的影响。结果表明：新疆≥10℃积温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多,北疆少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的格局,最低气温≤-25℃日数有“南疆少,北疆多;平原和盆地少,山区多”的特点,夏季最高气温≥40℃日数为“东部多,西部少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的特点;终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数呈现“西部多,东部少;山区多,平原和盆地少”的格局。在上述气候要素空间分异的综合作用下,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区主要在塔里木盆地西部平原;次适宜区在塔里木盆地大部和吐哈盆地南部;北疆大部,阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区以及吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地东部为核桃不适宜种植区。在气候变暖背景下,近55a新疆≥10℃积温、最高气温≥40℃日数和终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数分别以64.7℃·d·10a-1、0.48d·10a-1、0.120d·10a-1的倾向率呈显著（P＜0.05）增多趋势,冬季日最低气温≤-25℃日数以-0.980d·10a-1的倾向率呈极显著（P＜0.001）减少趋势。上述各要素分别于1986年和1997年发生了突变,受其影响,1997年后较其之前,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区和次适宜区明显扩大,而不适宜区明显减小,气候变暖对新疆核桃种植总体趋于有利。     

Identification of the strain-specifically truncated nonstructural protein 10 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected cells

The nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) encodes for helicase which plays a vital role in viral replication. In the present study, a truncated form of nsp10, termed nsp10a, was found in PRRSV-infected cells and the production of nsp10a was strain-specific. Mass spectrometric analysis and deletion mutagenesis indicated that nsp10a may be short of about 70 amino acids in the N terminus of nsp10. Further studies by rescuing recombinant viruses showed that the Glu-69 in nsp10 was the key amino acid for nsp10a production. Finally, we demonstrated that nsp10a exerted little influence on the growth kinetics of PRRSV in vitro.     

栽培密度、肥料对优质鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’产量及品质的影响

‘万薯10号’是重庆三峡农业科学院育成的优质鲜食型甘薯新品种,为挖掘该品种的增产潜力及完善高产栽培技术,进一步探求不同肥料、不同密度处理条件对优质鲜食型甘薯产量和品质的影响,特选用优质鲜食型甘薯品种‘万薯10号’开展研究。结果表明,密度和肥料对鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’栽培都具有重大的影响作用,并且不同的肥料处理对鲜薯产量、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量的影响差异极显著;而不同密度仅在淀粉含量上存在差异极显著,鲜薯产量差异显著。2个因素交互作用在淀粉含量存在差异极显著。在‘万薯10号’栽培过程中,肥料因素比密度对甘薯产量及品质的影响更为关键。为达到淀粉高产的目的,必须满足肥料与栽培密度处在一个合适的配比中,试验结果表明,鲜食型甘薯‘万薯10号’在使用腐殖肥525 kg/hm~2、栽插密度为75000株/hm~2的条件下,甘薯产量及各方面品质都处在较优水平。     

烟草PR10蛋白生物活性及赤星病菌Alternaria alternata诱导下的表达分析

为深入研究植物PR10蛋白的生物学功能,以烟草PR10蛋白(NtPR10)为研究对象,采用冷休克蛋白表达载体p Cold II,构建烟草PR10融合蛋白原核表达系统,优化表达及纯化条件,获得高纯度NtPR10融合蛋白;分别采用底物法和滤纸片法体外分析其核酸酶活性及抑菌活性;并利用荧光定量PCR方法分析了烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternata侵染下,NtPR10基因在抗、感烟草品种内不同时间点的表达差异。结果表明,15℃、0.1 mmol/L IPTG过夜条件下可诱导获得大量可溶性目的蛋白,50、100 mmol/L咪唑缓冲液洗脱能够获得较高纯度的目的蛋白;纯化后的NtPR10蛋白能够降解烟草总RNA,具有核酸酶活性,且1.0、0.5、0.25μg/μL的NtPR10蛋白溶液均对烟草赤星病菌的菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用,但随着蛋白浓度的降低,抑菌作用减弱;荧光定量PCR结果显示,接种烟草赤星病菌后,NtPR10基因在感病品种和抗病品种中均显著上调表达,但其在抗病品种的响应速度和表达量显著高于感病品种,表明NtPR10应答了烟草赤星病菌的侵染过程。