1株禽大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离及杀菌效果评估

【目的】 探索噬菌体作为控制养殖环境致病性大肠杆菌的新手段。【方法】 本研究进行了大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离及相应指标评估。通过双层平板法从养殖环境中分离禽致病性大肠杆菌裂解性噬菌体。通过电镜及酶切鉴定、温度及酸碱稳定性、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线及其在模拟环境中的杀菌效果对该噬菌体进行综合性评估。【结果】 分离得到的噬菌体具有正多面体的头部和细而长的尾部结构, 头部直径约98 nm, 尾部长约123 nm, 结合酶切鉴定结果初步判定该噬菌体为肌尾科双链DNA噬菌体。该噬菌体的温度耐受范围为37~50 ℃; 酸碱耐受范围为pH 3.0~11.0。当感染复数为0.00001时产生的子代噬菌体滴度最高; 一步生长曲线测定结果显示, 该噬菌体潜伏期为20~40 min, 裂解时间为80~100 min, 裂解量为4 133 PFU/cell。从该噬菌体对模拟环境中宿主大肠杆菌的杀菌效果可看出, 浓度为1×10⁴~1×10⁶ PFU/mL的噬菌体ФECP2-1对液体中目标大肠杆菌作用1~6 h, 杀菌率均在99.9%以上; 浓度为2×10⁴~2×10⁶ PFU/g的噬菌体ФECP2-1对鸡粪中目标大肠杆菌作用5~10 h, 杀菌率均在99%以上, 该噬菌体对鸡粪中目标大肠杆菌杀菌效果略低于对液体中目标大肠杆菌的杀菌效果。【结论】 ФECP2-1符合噬菌体类消毒剂相关特征, 是一株具有良好应用前景的噬菌体, 可作为一种生物消毒剂应用于养殖环境中禽大肠杆菌的防控。     

钻天松无菌系建立的初步研究

摘　要:以钻天松侧枝顶芽作为繁殖材料,通过不同消毒剂处理试验,不同生长激素对外殖体愈伤组织形成的诱导,初步建立无菌系。结果表明:0.1%HgCl2 消毒时间最好为9 min;时间短,污染率高;时间过长会导致芽中毒而成活率下降。诱导钻天松愈伤组织形成的最佳培养基配方是1/2MS+ 6BA0. 2mg·L-1 + NAA0. 5mg·L-1 +IBA0.2mg·L-1,低浓度的6BA有利于愈伤组织的形成。     

高压静电场杀菌效果研究

利用自行研制的直流高压静电场装置针对大肠杆菌进行了杀菌实验研究,结果表明,电压、处理时间是影响电场杀菌作用的主要因素.在极板间距D=3 cm,电压20 kV,处理时间45 min的务件下,大肠杆菌的致死率达到98.7%.     

非热杀菌技术在食品中的应用(2)

非热杀菌是当代一类崭新的技术,它既有利于保持食品功能成分的生理活性,又有利于保持色、香、味及营养成分。介绍了脉冲强磁杀菌(PSM)、紫外线杀菌(UV)、超声波杀菌(USW)、高能射线杀菌(HER)、低温真空蒸汽杀菌(LTVS)、动态超高压杀菌(IHP)、活性包装(AP)、栅栏技术(HurdleTechnology)和化学消毒剂(ChemicalDisinfec-tion)在食品中的应用及其发展现状。     

Environmental conditions rather than microbial inoculum composition determine the bacterial composition,microbial biomass and enzymatic activity of reconstructed soil microbial communities

The composition of microbial communities and the level of enzymatic activity in the soil are both important indicators of soil quality, but the mechanisms by which a soil bacterial community is generated and maintained are not yet fully understood. Two soil samples were collected from the same location, but each had been subjected to a different long-term fertilization treatment and was characterized by different microbial diversity, biomass and physicochemical properties. These samples were γ-sterilized and swap inoculated. Non-sterilized soil samples along with sterilized and inoculated soil samples were incubated for eight months before their nutrient content, microbial biomass, enzymatic activity and bacterial composition were analyzed. Total phosphorus, and potassium concentrations along with the overall organic matter content of the non-sterilized soil were all equal to those of the same soil that had been sterilized and self/swap inoculated. Additionally, the microbial biomass carbon concentration was not affected by the specific inoculum and varied only by soil type. The activities of catalase, invertase, urease, protease, acid phosphatase and phytase were smaller in the sterilized soils that had been inoculated with organisms from chemical fertilizer amended soil (NPK) when compared to sterilized soil inoculated with organisms from manure and chemical fertilizer amended soil (NPKM) and non-sterilized soil samples. Bacterial 16S rRNA examined by 454-pyrosequencing revealed that the composition of bacterial community reconstructed by immigrant microbial inoculum in the soil was mainly influenced by its physicochemical properties, although the microbial inoculum contained different abundances of bacterial taxa. For example, the pH of the soil was the dominant factor in reconstructing a new bacterial community. Taken together, these results demonstrated that both soil microbial composition and functionality were primarily determined by soil properties rather than the microbial inoculum, which contributed to our understanding of how soil microbial communities are generated and maintained.     

二次杀菌条件对凡纳滨对虾软烤虾品质的影响

通过基于栅栏效应的工艺将凡纳滨对虾加工成高水分软烤虾,对产品进行二次杀菌,测定不同杀菌条件下软烤虾的色泽、质构、p H值、感官品质,并判定是否处于商业无菌状态。结果表明,随着杀菌温度的增加,L*值、a*值与b*值均呈现下降趋势,随杀菌时间增加,L*值略有下降,a*值与b*值略有上升。杀菌温度上升,硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性在一定范围内先上升再下降;而粘附性一直上升,内聚性一直下降但变化相对较小,最大剪切力的整体趋势也下降。杀菌时间增加,硬度、粘附性与咀嚼性升高,内聚性与最大剪切力下降,胶粘性先下降再上升,而弹性先上升再下降。软烤虾的p H值随着杀菌温度升高变化较复杂,但杀菌时间增加时p H值上升。当杀菌条件为90℃·(30 min)-1时,软烤虾的感官品质最好,并且达到商业无菌状态。     

微酸性次氯酸钠杀菌水在净菜加工生产中的应用研究

利用低浓度次氯酸(pH调整)供给装置制备的杀菌水(微酸性次氯酸钠溶液),与次氯酸钠溶液对比进行了大肠杆菌的杀灭试验和即食生菜清洗杀菌生产试验。结果表明,微酸性次氯酸钠溶液对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果远优于次氯酸钠溶液,微酸性次氯酸钠溶液在低浓度条件下用于即食生菜的清洗杀菌可获得良好的效果,能够满足即食蔬菜产品的卫生要求,对于保证净菜的产品质量安全具有重要意义。     

O3灭菌试验及在舍饲养殖中的应用

随着禽类传染病传播范围的扩大,急需研究安全有效的禽类规模化养殖疾病防控措施。介绍臭氧的灭菌机理及其在禽类规模化养殖中的应用情况。利用臭氧的强氧化广谱杀菌原理对畜禽饮用水进行灭菌试验表明：将臭氧技术应用于禽类养殖疾病环境防控效果较为显著,可有效遏制禽类流行病疫情的发生。     

湿式微波杀菌装置设计与试验

湿式微波杀菌是一项全新的技术。以电磁和传热耦合方程为理论基础,对处于水浴加热的2 450 MHz微波单模谐振腔,建立三维非稳态有源加热数学模型,采用有限元方法,求解谐振腔的电磁场分布和食品样品的温度场分布,确定角锥喇叭最佳尺寸为283.92 mm×136.50 mm×109.20 mm、谐振腔高度为75 mm。将计算结果及分析用于指导微波杀菌装置的设计,研制出一套两腔湿式微波杀菌装置。该装置试验结果显示模拟食品的温度在2 min内从50℃升至142℃,且其热型稳定、温度分布比较均匀。通过工艺试验表明湿式微波杀菌满足巴氏杀菌设计要求,验证了该湿式微波杀菌装置的有效性和合理性。     

Effluxed CO2-C from sterilized and unsterilized treatments of a calcareous soil

Soil inorganic carbon (C) represents a substantial C pool in arid ecosystems, yet little data exist on the contribution of this pool to ecosystem C fluxes. A closed jar incubation study was carried out to test the hypothesis that CO₂-¹³C production and response to sterilization would differ in a calcareous (Mojave Desert) soil and a non-calcareous (Oklahoma Prairie) soil due to contributions of carbonate-derived CO₂. In addition to non-sterilized controls, soils were subjected to sterilization treatments (unbuffered HgCl₂ addition for Oklahoma soil and unbuffered HgCl₂ addition, buffered HgCl₂ addition, and autoclaving for Mojave Desert soil) to decrease biotic respiration and more readily measure abiotic CO₂ flux. Temperature and moisture treatments were also included with sterilization treatments in a factorial design.The rate of CO₂ production in both soils was significantly decreased (36-87%) by sterilization, but sterilization treatments differed in effectiveness. Sterilization had no significant effect on effluxed CO₂-¹³C values in the non-calcareous Oklahoma Prairie soil and autoclaved Mojave Desert soil as compared to their respective non-sterilized controls. However, sterilization significantly altered CO₂-¹³C values in Mojave Desert soil HgCl₂ sterilization treatments (both buffered and non-buffered). Plots of 1/CO₂ versus CO₂-δ¹³C (similar to Keeling plots) indicated that the source CO₂-δ¹³C value of the Oklahoma Prairie soil treatments was similar to the δ¹³C value of soil organic matter [(SOM); −17.76‰ VPDB] whereas the source for the (acidic) unbuffered-HgCl₂ sterilized Mojave Desert soil was similar to the δ¹³C value of carbonates (−0.93‰ VPDB). The source CO₂-δ¹³C value of non-sterilized and autoclaved (−18.4‰ VPDB) Mojave Desert soil treatments was intermediate between SOM (−21.43‰ VPDB) and carbonates and indicates up to 13% of total C efflux may be from abiotic sources in calcareous soils.