DMAIC方法提高烟丝加工质量的研究

运用DMAIC方法对制丝车间加工质量存在的缺陷进行改进,主要对影响加工质量的切丝含水率和筒壁温度参数进行分析与优化,以提高控制水平。结果发现,烟丝加工质量中的百万机会缺陷数(ppm)由改进前的30 000降低为2 500,节约成本105.7万元,为消费者提供了更加合格的产品。     

温度、酸碱度和培养基含水量对金福菇Tg-505菌丝生长的影响

分别在不同培养温度、培养基pH值、培养基含水量条件下培养金福菇Tg-505菌株,比较其菌丝的生长速度及生长势,探讨不同温度、酸碱度和培养基含水量对金福菇Tg-505菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:温度在15～35℃范围内,金福菇Tg-505菌丝均能生长,以25℃时菌丝生长势最佳,日平均生长速度最大为5.99 mm;酸碱度在pH 5.0～10.0范围内菌丝均能生长,以pH 7.0～8.0时菌丝生长势最佳,生长速度最快;培养基含水量在50%～75%范围内菌丝能够生长,含水量为65%～70%时,其菌丝洁白、粗壮、长势好,生长速度最快,达到3.77 mm/d以上。     

具有时滞的可燃物含水率预测模型

利用相关性分析法选取了影响可燃物含水率变化的影响因子和延迟时间,同时说明气温、相对湿度和风速等影响因子对可燃物含水率变化的影响有滞后性,并通过微分方程理论推导,建立了具有时滞的可燃物含水率预测模型,给出了模型中各影响因子的取值范围。结果表明:所建模型的精度达到96.0%,说明在研究森林可燃物含水率变化规律时考虑时滞因素是正确的。     

A survey method for evaluating drought-sensitive bryophytes in fragmented forests: A bryophyte life-form based approach

Drought-sensitive bryophytes are especially vulnerable to edge effects caused by forest fragmentation. Because of increased forest fragmentation, these bryophyte species are declining and are in need of conservation. Considering that a field survey including all bryophyte species is very time consuming, methods that make identification less difficult should be tested for their usefulness in conservation. This paper describes an alternative survey method that utilizes the correlation between bryophyte life-forms and microclimates for evaluating drought-sensitive bryophytes. This survey method was examined using epiphytic bryophyte flora on tree trunks in 27 fragmented forests of Kyoto city, in the western part of Japan. The usefulness of life-forms for this evaluation was discussed based on the correlation of life-forms with species richness and microclimates. The results indicated that, while life-from richness was considered to reflect the heterogeneity of moisture availability and light intensity in bryophyte habitats, a certain life-form category (for example, fans and dendroids) seemed to correlate with drought sensitivity of bryophytes. Considering this correlation, an alternative survey method was proposed that utilizes the richness of hygrophilous life-forms. This survey method seems to be more cost-effective than a traditional all-species survey, and provides an important step toward the conservation of drought-sensitive species.     

Does adding microbial mechanisms of decomposition improve soil organic matter models? A comparison of four models using data from a pulsed rewetting experiment

Contemporary soil organic matter (SOM) models have been successful at simulating decomposition across a range of spatial and temporal scales using first-order kinetics to represent the decomposition process; however, recent work suggests the simplicity of the first-order representation of decomposition is not adequate to capture the microbially-driven dynamics of SOM decomposition over short timescales. For example, the response of soils to drying-rewetting events may best be explained by microbial and/or exoenzyme controls on decomposition. To test if adding these microbial mechanisms improves the ability of SOM models to simulate the response of soils to short-term environmental changes, we developed four different SOM decomposition models with varying mechanistic complexity and compared their ability to simulate soil respiration from a pulsed drying-rewetting laboratory-based experiment. Specifically, we tested the ability of the models to capture the timing and magnitude of soil CO₂ efflux in response to rewetting or constant moisture conditions. The results of the comparison suggest that the inclusion of exoenzyme and microbial controls on decomposition can improve the ability to simulate pulsed rewetting dynamics; however, less mechanistic first-order models prevail under steady-state moisture conditions. These modeling results may have implications for understanding the long-term response of soil carbon stocks in response to local and regional climate change.     

Drying-rewetting cycles and γ-irradiation effects on enzyme activities of distinct layers from a Quercus ilex L. litter

In a Mediterranean climate, water stress is one of the principal constraints on proper forest ecosystem functioning. Drought influences rates of organic matter degradation by affecting microbial growth and enzyme activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of repeated drying-rewetting cycles on cellulase, alkaline phosphatase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activities of three distinct Quercus ilex L. litter layers, and (ii) to investigate the effect of these cycles on γ-irradiated litters in order to distinguish the abiotic influence on the fluctuations observed. Results, for all three layers, showed high correlations between litter water content and enzyme activities. Under mesocosm conditions, and using non-sterilized litter samples, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase, and FDA activities significantly decreased or increased during drying or rewetting cycles respectively. Significant differences were also found when evaluating the effect of litter depth on enzyme activities, the intermediate depth (OLv layer) generally being the most active. For γ-sterilized samples, FDA activity still fluctuated with drying-rewetting cycles. Assays showed that pre-humidification of γ-irradiated litter increased FDA activity two-fold in the first 30 min. All these results have shown that, following drying-rewetting cycles, some of the fluctuations occur independently of microbial growth, suggesting abiotic interactions, such as desorption, in combination with both solvatation status and conformational changes of enzymes.     

干旱灌区固定道耕作对土壤水热效应及春小麦产量的影响

为提高干旱灌区小麦节水生产技术,依托2005年开始的定位试验,以传统耕作（CT）为对照,对固定道平作（ZT）和固定道垄作（PRB）下土壤温度、土壤水分和春小麦产量的变化进行了分析。结果表明,PRB可增加0～80 cm土层土壤水分含量,小麦出苗期至收获期不同土层土壤含水量为PRB>ZT>CT。在小麦播种期至出苗期,PRB土壤升温较慢,拔节期至收获期0～15 cm土层土壤温度变化趋势为PRB>ZT>CT。随着种植年限的增加,PRB保护性耕作对小麦具有明显的增产效应,穗粒数的增加是其增产的主要因素。PRB和ZT处理4年平均水分利用效率分别比对照提高了46.88%和12.96%。PRB处理节水增产效果明显,可作为干旱灌区小麦节水栽培新技术进行推广。     

基于低场核磁技术研究土壤持水性能与孔隙特征

为研究常规水稻土和设施蔬菜地土壤持水性能与孔隙分布特征,利用低场核磁共振技术,获取田间持水量状态的土壤T_2谱线特征,在此基础上分析了土壤失水时信号幅值、弛豫时间与土壤含水量和孔隙大小分布的关系。结果表明:水稻土和设施蔬菜地土壤中孔隙分布均比较分散,小孔隙居多,大孔隙较少,水稻田转化为设施蔬菜地后,土壤孔隙半径整体变小,土壤结构恶化。在土壤失水过程中,波峰消减与谱线偏移同时发生,小峰优先消失且消减速率大于主峰,表明该过程中孔隙收缩与水分散失同时发生,土壤孔隙由大到小依次不断排水。低场核磁共振作为一种快速、无损的测量工具,能够更直接、更准确地反映出土壤水分迁移过程和孔隙分布规律,从而为设施栽培土壤退化机理和土壤改良提供新的理论和技术支撑。     

基于地统计与遥感反演相结合的有机质预测制图研究

土壤水分对土壤光谱反射率有显著影响,而以往有机质遥感反演制图中却很少将水分作为预测建模的变量。为了使遥感制图更加符合野外实际环境,提高有机质预测制图精度,在充分考虑土壤样点空间自相关、异相关与野外复杂环境特点的基础上,通过地统计获得研究区水分的空间分布数据,结合遥感反射率,建立多因子预测模型,得到了吉林省黑土区土壤有机质空间分布图。结果表明,有机质遥感制图中,水分因素的加入,使模型的建立更加符合野外实际情况,显著提高了有机质预测制图的精度。     

艾比湖流域不同生态系统土壤水盐空间异质性分析

运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对艾比湖流域山前人工绿洲—绿洲—荒漠过渡带—湖滨湿地生态系统土壤表层(0~20 cm)盐分、含水量、pH的空间异质性特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)山前人工绿洲属中度盐化土,绿洲—荒漠过渡带和湖滨湿地均属于重度盐化土;艾比湖流域土壤pH和盐分均由山前人工绿洲向湖滨湿地逐渐增大,含水量由山前人工绿洲向湖滨湿地递减;艾比湖流域土壤pH属于弱变异性,盐分和含水量均属于中等变异强度;(2)受结构因素影响,山前人工绿洲土壤pH、绿洲—荒漠过渡带土壤盐分和含水量、湖滨湿地土壤pH和盐分具有较强的空间相关性;受结构因素和随机因素综合影响,山前人工绿洲土壤盐分和含水量以及湖滨湿地土壤含水量具有中等的空间相关性;(3)艾比湖流域土壤pH和盐分呈现斑块状分布,均由山前人工绿洲向绿洲—荒漠过渡带到湖滨湿地依次递增;土壤含水量呈现条带状分布,由山前人工绿洲向绿洲—荒漠过渡带到湖滨湿地依次递减、艾比湖北部向南部逐渐减少;土壤盐分与pH和含水量分别呈现极显著正相关、显著负相关。