沙坡头地区凝结水及其在生态环境中的意义

本文论述了草原化荒漠区在之灌溉条件下,仅依靠自然降水,植物生长与水分平衡的关系,指出吸湿凝结水是地表植被,尤其是对土著植物,隐花植物,微生物有一定侵润和水分的补给作用。对线根性一年生植物也有滋养意义。对强化固沙植物,固沙植物的生化活性、生物循环和能量转化有相当积极的生态意义。     

Moisture preferences,growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)

Summary Although moisture requirements of Eisenia fetida are considered to be generally known, very few in-depth studies have been performed. The moisture preferences of juveniles as well as adults of this species were determined in moisture towers containing cow manure with a particle size bigger than 500 and smaller than 1000 m and an organic matter content of 54%. The clitellate worms showed a wider preference range than the juveniles but deposited most of their cocoons within the narrow range of 65%–70% moisture — a moisture range preferred by 80% of the juveniles. Growth studies of newly hatched worms at various moisture levels over a period of 90 days showed that growth rate and final biomass were influenced by moisture availability with a very low rate of growth at low as well as at high moisture levels. The change in biomass of clitellate specimens as well as their consecutively produced cocoons were monitored at different moisture levels. A clear relationship between mass of cocoons and biomass of the producing worms was established at presumably favourable moisture conditions. Furthermore, the relation between cocoon mass and the production rate of cocoons was also determined, which showed that cocoon mass increased concomitantly with increase in cocoon production. The study also showed that clitellum development was increased at moisture levels above 64%. The onset of cocoon production was, however, earliest at slightly lower moisture levels, from which it is concluded that the optimal moisture level for growth and development of clitella are not necessarily optimal for the production of cocoons.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

银耳多糖与透明质酸的保湿性能比较

[目的]研究银耳多糖的保湿性能,为银耳多糖在化妆品中的应用提供理论依据。[方法]通过在相同的化妆品配方体系中添加不同比例的银耳多糖,按照由北京工商大学等单位起草的化妆品保湿功效的测定方法,采用德国CK公司的CM825型皮肤水分测试仪,将所得产品的保湿性与添加透明质酸产品的保湿性进行对比,研究了银耳多糖的保湿效果。[结果]在该研究所述的配方体系中,添加0.05%银耳多糖的产品的保湿效果已经优于添加0.02%透明质酸的产品。添加0.10%的银耳多糖在该研究所述配方体系中可以达到最佳的保湿效果。[结论]银耳多糖的保湿效果与透明质酸相当,其替代透明质酸作为保湿剂可以取得较好的经济效益。     

异氰酸酯树脂胶粘剂刨花板制板工艺研究

研究了用异氰酸酯树脂胶粘剂制造刨花板的工艺条件,详细讨论了热压温度、热压时间、密度含水率、施胶量和施蜡量和对刨花板为物理力学性能的影响。结果表明：刨花含水率是继热压工艺三个因素之后的重要影响因子。研究中还发现了“厚度膨胀率平行性”现象,对其进行的深入分析研究揭示了不可逆厚度膨胀率为２４ｈ吸水厚度膨胀率的关系,总结出板材２４ｈ吸水厚度膨胀率的改善只能通过改善不可逆度膨胀率获得。研究结果还表明,利用Ｙ     

Effects of additions of organic matter on the penetration resistance of glacial till for the entire water tension range

Hardsetting soil properties are undesirable in agricultural soils because they hamper crop production by limiting seedling emergence and root growth via increased mechanical soil resistance at low moisture contents. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of additions of organic matter on the penetration resistance of a hardsetting soil for the entire water tension range. Investigations were carried out on Saalian glacial till, which is used as a reclamation substrate in post-lignite-mining reclamation. Proportions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% by mass of organic matter (OM) were used. The remoulded samples were saturated under a constant load of 2.4 kPa to achieve bulk densities equivalent to a soil depth of 15–20 cm via water-induced consolidation. Subsequently, the mixtures were adjusted to water tensions between 10⁰ and 10⁷ hPa and penetrated using a small cone penetrometer. Compared to 0% OM, the addition of 1% OM led to a very small but significant (P < 0.01) increase in the bulk density, while between 1% and 4% OM bulk density was seen to decrease in a linear fashion. At moisture contents greater than field capacity, penetration resistance values were consistent with the observed changes in bulk density, leading to an increase in the samples containing 0–1% OM to critical values for root-growth and a decrease for samples containing 2% and more organic matter reaching to values non-critical for roots. At moisture contents smaller than field capacity, penetration resistance values were inversely related to the bulk density, supporting the concept that the type of organic matter added contributed to soil cohesion. Modeling the relation between water tension and penetration resistance using a sigmoidal equation showed a high consistency between the observed data and the model.     

The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil

Smouldering wildfires propagate slowly through surface and subsurface organic layers of the forest ground and severely affect the soil, producing physical, chemical and biological changes. These effects are caused by the prolonged heating and the large loss of soil mass but are poorly documented in the literature. A series of smouldering experiments with boreal peat have been conducted under laboratory conditions to quantify these effects using small-scale samples. Peat samples of 100 mm by 100 mm in cross section and 50 mm in depth of different moisture were exposed to an external ignition source. Thermocouples placed throughout the sample bed measured the temperature evolution and tracked the peat ignition, intensity and spread of the smouldering front. The results show that moisture content controls peat ignition and that moisture below 125 ± 10% (in dry base) are required. The severity of the smouldering peat on the soil has been quantified in terms of temperature vs. residence time curves and mass loss. The measurements show temperatures in excess of 300 °C for residence times of 1 h leading to sterilization of the soil and mass loss in burnt layers above 90%.     

西安地区第5层古土壤中的铁质薄膜类型与水文特征

揭示西安地区第5层古土壤中还原层的类型和水分平衡,对认识西安地区S5古土壤发育时的气候和植被以及地下水补给来源具有重要科学意义。通过对西安地区第5层古土壤(S5)的调查和多个剖面的观察,在西安东郊任家坡剖面、南郊双竹村剖面和蓝田田家坡剖面首次发现该层古土壤黏化层中含有1~5mm大小的低价氧化铁的灰绿色斑点。低价铁的灰绿色斑点是在地势较高和地下水位较深的还原作用下形成的,属于高位还原层,不同于以往认识的潴育化类型。灰绿色斑点指示S5古土壤发育时土壤中上部出现了雨季积水并处于还原环境,当时雨季还原层含水量达到了饱和状态,土壤中上部含水量为42%左右,土壤水分非常充足。该层古土壤的红色铁质胶膜迁移到了上部古土壤黏化层顶界之下6.3 m深的黄土中,表明当时高含量重力水分布达到了6.3 m左右深度,至少出现过较长时期适于茂盛森林植被发育的气候。在西安地区S5古土壤发育时,土壤水分的收入量大于支出量,土壤水分为显著正平衡。当时大气降水在经过蒸发、蒸腾与地表径流损失之后,还有较多剩余的水分通过入渗补给深部土层水。S5古土壤发育时降水较丰富是导致该层古土壤出现高位还原层的主要因素。     

通用调理剂对土壤PCB28降解的效果及影响因素研究

[目的]明确施用通用调理剂对土壤PCB28降解的影响。[方法]土壤添加2 mg/kg PCB28后,根据不同浓度通用调理剂、有机肥和含水率等设置12个处理,开展培养试验,并于培养0、14、21、28 d采集土样分析PCB28浓度。[结果]施用调理剂能够促进土壤PCB28的降解,其降解率为48.6%,施用有机肥可以继续促进PCB28的降解率至59.8%,并且提高含水率能够进一步提高PCB28的降解率至67.9%。[结论]施用0.4 mg/g调理剂、0.7 mg/g有机肥和提高土壤含水率能够显著提高土壤PCB28的降解率。     

烟丝含水率对卷烟落锥及烟气成分的影响

[目的]了解烟丝含水率对卷烟落锥及烟气成分的影响。[方法]研究了部分贵烟牌号在不同平衡湿度条件下的卷烟落锥及烟气成分情况。[结果]卷烟烟丝含水率随平衡湿度增加而逐渐增加,卷烟的总粒相物、烟气烟碱、焦油含量变化不明显,卷烟抽吸口数、一氧化碳量呈现出相同的增加趋势,当烟丝水分条件一定,各烟气成分间并无显著的关联性;卷烟含水率升高,卷烟落锥数量明显减少,不同含水率条件对卷烟落锥的影响要大于不同卷烟之间造成的影响,不同卷烟之间的落锥个数存在显著差异,卷烟在50%与60%水分条件下落锥个数无明显差异,其余含水率条件下卷烟的落锥个数存在显著差异。[结论]不同烟丝含水率及烟丝结构对卷烟落锥量有明显影响。     

An Evaluation of the Performance and the Contribution of Different Modified Water Demand Estimates in Drought Modeling Over Water‐stressed Regions

The lack of reliable estimation of water demand in drought study has been an important obstacle in efforts for characterizing the variability of water consumption and its effects on drought monitoring and prediction, particularly over water‐stressed regions. This study evaluated the performance and the contribution of three modified water demand estimates in drought modeling, including Penman–Monteith (PM) method, dual‐source potential evapotranspiration model (2S PET model), and climatically appropriate for existing conditions precipitation ( ). The results show that Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index based on shows the highest correlations with different types of drought evidence, demonstrating that the as a water demand metric performs the best in drought modeling over water‐stressed regions. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index based on 2S PET model performs better than that based on PM equation. Although the 2S PET model is physically superior to PM equation over agricultural or water‐stress regions where the plant canopy is not “closed,” the limitations of using PET as water demand estimates in drought study still exist. Theoretically speaking, the actual water demand in non‐humid regions should be highly associated with the climatically averaged water supply capability (precipitation, P ), and the contributions of water demand and supply to drought indices are generally balanced in any region, which is realistically reflected by the relationships between P and . On the contrary, the magnitude and contribution of PET _2S and PET _PM were always higher than P over water‐stressed regions, which could result in a water imbalance and generate more systemic errors in drought identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.