刺参养殖池塘不同粒级浮游生物呼吸率和初级生产率的研究

于2008年1—6月对大连壹桥海洋苗业股份有限公司4个刺参Apostichopus japonicus养殖池塘不同粒级浮游生物的呼吸率和初级生产率进行了测定。结果表明:(1)小型、微型及超微型浮游生物的呼吸率平均值分别为0.31、0.63、0.80 mg/(L.d)(以O2计,下同),分别占各粒级浮游生物总呼吸率的17.88%、36.10%和46.02%;小型、微型及超微型浮游植物生产率平均值分别为0.27、0.59、0.64mg/(L.d),占各粒级浮游植物总生产率的18.18%、38.98%和42.84%;小型、微型及超微型浮游生物呼吸率占相应粒级浮游植物生产率的比例分别为113.90%、107.24%、124.39%。(2)>200μm、20~200μm、2~20μm和<2μm的4个粒级浮游植物叶绿素a含量的平均值分别为0.75、0.65、3.08、1.26μg/L,分别占总叶绿素a含量的13.15%、11.30%、53.63%和21.92%。     

高密度黄颡鱼—鳙养殖池塘浮游生物种群与理化因子的变化研究

以高密度的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)-鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分隔养殖池塘为研究对象,分析养殖期间(2013年4月—10月)池塘浮游生物和水体理化因子的变化情况。结果显示,池塘水体温度、p H、DO和总氮指标在养殖期间存在显著差异(P0.01)。Duncan's多重比较显示,温度在6—8月显著高于其他时间(P0.05);总氮在7—9月的含量显著升高(P0.05);氨氮和亚硝态氮在8—10月的含量明显升高(P0.05)。池塘浮游生物的变化表现为:枝角类和桡足类物种数随养殖时间的延长而逐渐减少,其中秀体溞属(Diaphanosoma)占优势;轮虫物种数呈上升趋势,其中臂尾轮虫属(Brachionus)占优势;原生动物物种数在各月份之间差异不明显,以球吸管虫属(Sphaerophrya)为优势种;藻类物种数呈先上升再下降的趋势,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)种类占优势,其次为裸藻门(Euglenophyta)种类。基于Dice相似系数的UPGMA聚类和Pearson相关系数的MDS排序均显示池塘水体中浮游生物群落在整个养殖期间可分为2大类,4、5、6、7月各样本聚在一起,8、9、10月各样本聚在一起,表现为前4个月(4—7月)相似性高,而后3个月(8—10月)相似性高;说明池塘浮游生物的群落结构随养殖时间延续发生了改变。     

Natural Food Selectivity Changes with Weights of Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Reared in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

This work was carried out to study the relationship between fish weight and natural food selectivity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) reared in earthen ponds without supplementary diet and to guide the adaptation of feeding and fertilization strategies. Fish were stocked (1.5 fish/m²) in four fertilized earthen ponds (0.1 ha) for 6 months. Fifty fish were sampled monthly to estimate individual total weight and length and evaluate stomach contents. Fish specimens were categorized into different weight classes: <25 g, 25–50 g, 50–75 g, 75–100 g, and 100–125 g. Overall, the 50–75 g weight class had the highest degree of stomach fullness. The intestinal length-fish length ratio was similar across all fish weights, ranging from 2.9–3.4. Likewise, the composition of food items found in fish stomach was ranked as phytoplankton > detritus > zooplankton. Phytoplankton contribution to gut content increased with increasing fish weight, while detritus and zooplankton contribution decreased. Zooplankton never exceeded 1% of total stomach contents. Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae mostly represented the phytoplankton. Bacillariophyceae dominated the phytoplanktonic portion of stomach contents at small fish size (<75 g/fish), while Chlorophyceae is the dominant group at large fish size (> 75 g/fish). Fish could select Cyanobacteria and Euglenophyceae at all fish weights, meanwhile Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were eaten with slight selectivity at larger weights..     

Distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel

The distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was studied during December 1994 and January 1995. Maximum abundance of animals in the Channel was approximately 50 000 m⁻², with a peak concentration of 627 m⁻³ at a depth of 930 m. Copepodite stages IV and V accounted for > 98% of the population. A clear association was found between the horizontal and vertical distribution of animals and the Arctic water masses in the bottom of the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The Wyville–Thomson Ridge formed a barrier to the southern distribution of Arctic waters and the abundance of overwintering C. finmarchicus was 25 times lower to the south of the Ridge than to the north. Spatial variability in lipid content and composition indicated that overwintering C. finmarchicus in the southern Norwegian Sea were in poorer condition with respect to wax ester content, and in a more advanced state of emergence from overwintering, than the animals within the Channel. The overwintering stock in the Channel probably originated from the Norwegian Sea or from north of the Faroe Islands. The Faroe–Shetland Channel is an important source of animals advected into the northern North Sea in the spring (March/April). The population abundance in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was estimated to be 4.5 × 10¹⁴ individuals, which is more than adequate to account for the mean concentration of adult stages observed in the northern North Sea in April.     

Effects of marine fish farming on nutrient composition and plankton communities in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey)

The hypothesis that the presence of fish farming zones affects the water quality and plankton communities was investigated in an Aegean Sea fish farm during February, June, September and January 2000–2001. In the spatial coverage, a total of 12 stations were sampled; three of them were reference stations. A variance analysis was applied to the measurements made at the stations near the fish farms and at the control stations. While no significant differences in concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen were detected between the stations and the control sites within one season, significant differences were detected between the parameter values measured except for total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved organic phosphorus at different seasons. The seasonal differences were also significant with regard to the biodiversity. Together with these temporal differences in general, there was a higher diversity of species at the control site as compared with the other stations in September, which was the key season to detection of significant changes. The most important consideration is that it is not sufficient to take the instantaneous values for the physico‐chemical variables; rather, it is necessary to monitor the biological parameters in order to define the differences in the ecosystem.     

湖南镇水库浮游生物及其影响因子的典范对应分析

2006年至2007年间调查了蓝藻(Cyanophyta)暴发水体——湖南镇水库的浮游生物群落结构及其变化,研究了其与环境参数之间的关系。调查期间,共鉴定出浮游植物96种(属),浮游动物73种(属)。单位水体浮游植物平均细胞数量变化于0.49×106～16.71×106L-1之间,浮游动物则变化于8～3548L-1之间。春、夏季螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena sporoides)水华持续数月,水体表层细胞密度高达2.28×108L-1,进入秋季后其优势逐渐被颤藻属(Oscillatoria)蓝藻取代。典范对应分析显示,浮游植物的季节演替规律与螺旋鱼腥藻数量、总溶解固形物(TDS)和透明度(SD)存在较高的相关性,浮游动物演替主要与溶解在水中的微囊藻(Microcystis)毒素(EMC)、营养盐和螺旋鱼腥藻数量相关。由于高水平营养盐的存在,上行效应无法有效限制蓝藻的发生,水华蓝藻以其数量优势改变了水体理化条件,成为影响浮游植物群落的潜在因素,而营养盐可能通过主导可食藻类的生长,间接影响浮游动物的动态。将水华蓝藻数量及藻毒素浓度作为环境因子进行多元分析,分别提高了对浮游植物、动物群落的解释15.6%和25.8%,说明水华蓝藻和藻毒素的存在对浮游生物群落的组成和结构具有较大的影响。     

A synthesis of large-scale patterns in the planktonic prey of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua)

Data from 40 published studies of the diet composition of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) from around the northern North Atlantic were summarized to assess generic patterns in ontogenetic and regional variability in the key prey. The results showed that larvae at the northern edge of the latitudinal range of cod depend primarily on development stages of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, whilst those at the southern edge depend on Para‐ and Pseudocalanus species. Juvenile cod preyed on a wider range of taxa than larvae, but euphausiids were the main target prey. Analysis of regional variations in the relative abundances of C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. in the plankton, as estimated by the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) surveys, showed a similar geographical pattern to the larval cod stomach contents. Comparison of CPR data from the 1960s and 70s with data from the 1990s showed that the boundary between C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. dominance has shifted northwards on both sides of the Atlantic, whilst the abundance of euphausiids in the southern cod stock regions has declined. The results are discussed in relation to regional differences in the response of cod stocks to climate variability.     

四明湖水库浮游生物现状调查及评价

2006-2007年分4次对余姚四明湖水库水质理化指标、浮游生物群落结构进行了调查,并进行了多样性指数分析及渔产潜力估算。结果表明,四明湖水库浮游植物种类共计8门、47种(属),其中以绿藻为最优势类群,占总密度的36.2%;浮游动物共计3大类、30种,其中原生动占40%;浮游植物年均生物量为10.20mg/L,浮游动物年均生物量2.36mg/L。从水体理化指标数据来看,四明湖水库水质属于II～IV类;从浮游植物群落结构和多样性指数分析结果来看,水库属于富营养水平;根据相关公式估算四明湖水库的鱼产潜力为2076kg/hm2。