从甘蔗杂种后代性状的通径分析看选择效果

甘蔗杂种后代的实生苗阶段及其无性系阶段性状的通径分析表明,在一定范围内,茎数不但是决定蔗产量的最重要组分,而且是决定糖产量的最重要组分.2年各性状对蔗产量和糖产量的效应基本相同,表明其遗传本质(基因型)受环境因素的影响不大.茎数的选择响应和前后2年的相关程度最高(r=0.8753,r~2=0.7661),说明茎数在无性系世代中是稳定的.育种上,在一定范围内对茎数的选择效果较好.     

通城猪及其杂种猪若干免疫性状的研究

通过对通城猪、长大通、大长通杂种猪红细胞数(RBC)、白细胞数(WBC)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均血细胞容积(MCV)、平均血细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、IgG含量、ANAE阳性率(ANAE^ )、迟发型皮肤超敏反应(DTH)的测定,发现通城猪DTH、WBC、RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCHC性状的平均值均高于长大通和大长通杂种猪。对影响各性状的因素进行了分析,结果表明DTH、WBC、RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCHC性状与品种有关,WBC、MCHC与性别有关。对各免疫性状间的相关关系进行了分析,探讨了所测免疫性状指标对机体免疫力的代表性。     

不同饲养水平下瘤胃微生物蛋白合成效率的研究

用6头装有瘤胃、十二指肠、回肠瘘管的西门塔尔杂交阉牛,以Cr2O3为指示剂测定食糜流量,用嘌呤氧化法测定RNA当量,研究不同饲养水平下,西门塔尔杂交阉牛瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成效率。结果表明,瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成效率随饲养水平的变化呈规律性变化趋势。其中低饲养水平、中饲养水平较高,高饲养水平较低。在低、中、高3种饲养水平下,瘤胃微生物对瘤胃降解氮(RDN)的转化效率(MN/RDN,g/g)分别为0.64±0.08,0.52±0.16,0.23±0.03,对瘤胃可利用能(RDOM,瘤胃可消化有机物)的利用效率(MN/RDOM,g/kg)分别为24.66±4.96,27.17±15.18,11.92±1.86。     

提高地方杂种黄牛移植冷冻奶牛胚胎效果的研究

本试验共选用77头地方杂种黄牛作为受体，进行高产奶牛冷冻胚胎移植。对其中的70头受体牛进行同期发情处理，经过两次PG处理后有58头牛发情，同期发情率为82．9％，移植前经直肠检查有68．6％的受体牛黄体合格。但由于子宫炎症，最后移植了33头受体牛，并达到了51．5％的妊娠率。因此在不存在子宫炎症的情况下，我们已达到比较好的胚胎移植效果。     

Bacterial community analysis of purulent material from liver abscesses of crossbred cattle and Holstein steers fed finishing diets with or without tylosin

Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are polymicrobial infections. Culture-based studies have identified Fusobacterium necrophorum as the primary causative agent, but a number of other bacterial species are frequently isolated. The incidence of liver abscesses is highly variable and is affected by a number of factors, including cattle type. Holstein steers raised for beef production have a higher incidence than crossbred feedlot cattle. Tylosin is the commonly used antimicrobial feed additive to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses. The objective of this study was to utilize 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequence analyses to analyze the bacterial community composition of purulent material of liver abscesses of crossbred cattle (n = 24) and Holstein steers (n = 24), each fed finishing diet with or without tylosin. DNA was extracted and the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The minimum, mean, and maximum sequence reads per sample were 996, 177,070, and 877,770, respectively, across all the liver abscess samples. Sequence analyses identified 5 phyla, 14 families, 98 genera, and 102 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) in the 4 treatment groups. The dominant phyla identified were Fusobacteria (52% of total reads) and Proteobacteria (33%). Of the top 25 genera identified, 17 genera were Gram negative and 8 were Gram positive. The top 3 genera, which accounted for 75% of the total reads, in the order of abundance, were Fusobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacteroides. The relative abundance, expressed as percent of total reads, of phyla, family, and genera did not differ (P > 0.05) between the 4 treatment groups. Generic richness and evenness, determined by Shannon–Weiner and Simpson’s diversity indices, respectively, did not differ between the groups. The UniFrac distance matrices data revealed no clustering of the ASV indicating variance between the samples within each treatment group. Co-occurrence network analysis at the genus level indicated a strong association of Fusobacterium with 15 other genera, and not all of them have been previously isolated from liver abscesses. In conclusion, the culture-independent method identified the bacterial composition of liver abscesses as predominantly Gram negative and Fusobacterium as the dominant genus, followed by Pseudomonas. The bacterial community composition did not differ between crossbred and Holstein steers fed finishing diets with or without tylosin.     

饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸和包被叶酸对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢和瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸（coated methionine,CM）和包被叶酸（coated folic acid,CFA）对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢及瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,试验因素为按照试验动物体重添加CFA（0 mg,CFA-或4 mg·（kg·d）^-1,CFA+）和CM（0 g,CM-或0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1,CM+）。将40只体重相近（（30.08±1.34）kg）的4月龄杜寒杂交二代公羔随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础日粮（CM-&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1（CM-&CFA+）、基础日粮+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA+）。试验期85 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期70 d,在试验期结束前10 d开展消化代谢试验。试验结果表明：1）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了1~30 d平均日增重和饲料转化率（P<0.05）,而添加CM仅显著提高了1~30 d饲料转化率（P=0.036）,对1~30 d平均日增重无显著影响（P>0.05）;饲粮中添加CFA、CM显著提高了杜寒杂交二代公羔31~60 d和1~60 d平均日增重及相应阶段饲料转化率（P<0.05）,二者对1~60 d饲料转化率具有显著互作效应（P=0.007）;2）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率（P<0.05）,饲粮添加CM有提高有机物表观消化率的趋势（P=0.066）及增加干物质消化率的趋势（P=0.095）,二者对养分消化率无显著互作效应（P>0.05）;3）饲粮添加CFA、CM显著降低了尿能排出量,显著提高了能量消化率和代谢率（P<0.05）;通过显著降低粪氮、尿氮及总排泄氮（P<0.05）,从而显著提高了氮的表观消化率和沉积氮水平（P<0.05）,且二者同时添加对减少氮排泄、提高氮消化率有显著互作效应（P<0.05）;4）饲粮添加CM、CFA显著提高嘌呤衍生物的尿排泄量,提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量（P<0.05）。饲粮添加CM、CFA提高干物质和有机物表观消化率,改善总能消化率和代谢率,增加氮表观消化率和氮沉积量,促进杜寒杂交二代公羔的生长。     

杂交大额牛肉质特性研究初报

 选择健康、年龄1～2岁的大额牛×云南黄牛的杂交大额牛4头，对其在pH 值、失水率、剪切嫩度、熟肉率、肉色、风味等肉质特性进行了测定。结果表明：pH值在6.05～6.26，失水率在10.65%～20.94%，剪切嫩度腰大肌的值为3.08，熟肉率为63.84%。pH值、剪切嫩度、风味等指标，达到优质中高档牛肉的标准。     

Epidemiology and diagnosis of subclinical iodine deficiency in crossbred cattle of Punjab.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency in crossbred cows (taurus x indicus) of Punjab and to assess the diagnostic value of the plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones, total cholesterol and free fatty acids in iodine deficiency. The efficacy of ethiodised oil, as a long-term supplement of iodine, was also evaluated. PROCEDURES: Base-line survey of iodine status was conducted by measuring plasma inorganic iodine (PII) concentration in 48 crossbred cows from 31 dairy units. Concentrations of plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), total cholesterol and free fatty acids were compared between iodine deficient and normal cows. Circulating T4 and T3 concentrations were also determined before and after injection of ethiodised oil in cows with low PII levels. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of iodine deficiency was 35.9% and showed considerable geographical variation from 0 to 86% within Punjab. Cardinal clinical signs of iodine deficiency were absent and basal plasma T3 and T4 concentrations and their ratio did not differ between deficient and control cows. Activity of circulating T4 and T4:T3 ratio increased in response to ethiodised oil injection and persisted beyond 70 days after injection. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic iodine deficiency is prevalent in crossbred cows of Punjab and response to iodine supplementation is the most reliable index of thyroid dysfunction associated with iodine deprivation. The results of this study also support the view that injection of 1 mL of 78% ethiodised oil can prevent iodine deficiency for more than 70 days.     

蛋鸡杂种胚胎生活力及其杂交遗传力的研究

在利用京白快羽母鸡对１７０只罗曼Ｄ系公鸡的快慢羽基因位点进行测交试验的过程中，收集了杂种后代孵化期胚胎生活力的数据用于本研究，结果表明：（１）孵化后期（１３－２１天）平均每天的胚胎死亡率约为前中期的两倍，孵化前期（１－６天）的死亡率略高于中期，孵化中期（７－１２天）的死亡率最低；（２）罗曼Ｄ系纯合慢羽公鸡杂交后代的生活力与杂合公鸡后代相比没有显著的差异，据此可以假设：快慢羽基因与胚胎生活力性状间无相关关系；（３）用ＨｅｎｄｅｒｓｏｎⅢ估计的胚胎生活力性状的杂种遗传力在０．００６到０．０５４之间，ＲＥＭＬ方法的估计值在０．００１到０．０４７之间。用ＨｅｎｄｅｎｏｎⅢ估计的遗传力一般均高于ＲＥＭＬ方法的估计值。     

饲料原料与瘤胃培养残渣(8、12、16小时)氨基酸组成差异的研究

选用3头装有瘤胃瘘管的改良阉牛 ,利用尼龙袋技术对不同饲料降解后残渣的氨基酸(AA)组成与原料AA组成的差异进行了研究。结果表明 ,与精料氨基酸浓度相比在降解后有上升趋势(P<0.05)的氨基酸有Ala、Phe、Val、Ile和Leu(其中后3种氨基酸为支链氨基酸) ;在降解后有下降趋势(P<0.05)的氨基酸有Gly、Arg、Tys、Lys、Met和Cys。各氨基酸降解前后的浓度存在强相关回归关系。