波尔山羊×隆林杂交羔羊育肥期能量和蛋白质营养需要的研究

试验旨在研究育肥期波本杂肉羊能量和蛋白质营养需要量参数,筛选出一个最佳能量和蛋白质搭配的饲料配方,为科学饲养提供理论依据和生产指导。试验选择16只3月龄断奶波隆杂交F1代公羔,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以NRC（1981）营养需要推荐量为参考设计了低能低氮、高能低氮、低能高氮和高能高氮（NRC）4种能氮比日粮,分别为日粮1、2、3和日粮4。试验结果表明,舍饲波隆杂交羔羊育肥期对象草 玉米型日粮干物质采食量与代谢体重和日增重的关系为：DMI（g/d）=181.3W0.75－0.61ΔW－886.2（r=0.9287）;舍饲波隆杂羔羊育肥期粗蛋白质（CP）、总能（GE）、消化能（DE）需要量的估测模型分别为：CP（g/d）=19.56 W0.75＋0.25ΔW－128.6（r=0.7836）,GE（MJ/d）=2.98 W0.75＋0.023ΔW－18.69（r=0.8257）,DE（MJ/d）=1.26 W0.75－.006ΔW－3.56（r=0.6236）;3~6月龄舍饲育肥期波隆杂羔羊,日粮总能代谢率平均为0.49%,粗蛋白质的消化率平均为0.63%,每增重1 g体沉积蛋白质需要量为0.32 g。     

The relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and the distribution of body fat in crossbred steers

The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plasma leptin levels and fat distribution in crossbred steers. Twenty-four crossbred steers (Japanese Black × Holstein) were used in this study. Six steers belonged to the growing phase (11 months of age), and 18 steers to the finishing phase (from 21 to 28 months of age). Plasma leptin levels correlated positively with body fat weight ( r  = 0.807, P  < 0.01), body fat percentage ( r  = 0.802, P  < 0.01), visceral fat weight ( r  = 0.807, P  < 0.01), visceral fat percentage ( r  = 0.780, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat weight ( r  = 0.745, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat percentage ( r  = 0.734, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat weight ( r  = 0.793, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat percentage (0.775, P  < 0.01), renal fat weight ( r  = 0.694, P  < 0.01), renal fat percentage ( r  = 0.642, P  < 0.01), subcutaneous fat thickness ( r  = 0.755, P  < 0.01), intermuscular fat thickness ( r  = 0.721, P  < 0.01), beef marbling score ( r  = 0.706, P  < 0.01) and the crude fat content of Musculus longissimus thoracis ( r  = 0.592, P  < 0.01). The location of fat deposits did not affect the correlation values. However, when steers were divided into growing ( n  = 6) and finishing ( n  = 18) groups, there was no significant correlation between plasma leptin levels and the carcass characteristics related to fat deposition (fat weight, fat percentage, carcass traits) in either group. These results suggest that plasma leptin levels in crossbred steers positively correlate with body fat content and carcass traits when these parameters vary widely.     

夏南横交牛不同营养水平育肥效果试验报告

本试验重点探讨夏南横交牛的育肥能力。试验分为两个组，每组各30头，粗饲料采用复合处理秸秆，试验一组精饲料中加入4％牛用预混料，试验二组不添加预混料，试验期90d。试验结果显示：试验组平均日增重1．85kg，试验组平均日增重1．37kg，试验一组与试验二组相比，平均日增重经t检验差异极显著。     

Comparison of feed intake, digestibility and fattening performance of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Twenty growing crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo (carabao) with an average age of 22 (18–24 months) months were equally distributed into two treatment groups according to species. The animals were fed with the same ration made up of corn silage (50%) + wet brewer's spent grain (30%) + concentrate mixture (20%), and their fattening performance was monitored. The digestibilities of the different nutrients were likewise determined. The economics of raising the animals under intensive production system was calculated. Species differences did not influence total dry matter intake of the animals, when expressed as percentage of the bodyweight and per metabolic body size. There were no significant differences in digestion coefficients of the different nutrients, except for crude protein in crossbred water buffalo and crossbred cattle, although the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen free extract tended to be high in the former than in the latter. Likewise, average daily gain (ADG) was similar, although crossbred water buffalo had numerically higher ADG (828.6 vs 785.5 g) than crossbred cattle during the 6 months feeding. During the first 3 months of feeding (1–90 days), the ADG of crossbred water buffalo was 1066.1 g compared to 940.1 g for crossbred cattle. From 91 to 180 days, the crossbred cattle had slightly higher ADG (630.1 vs 591.1 g) but also the difference was not significant. The return above feed cost was comparable for crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo during the first 90 days of feeding. However, extending the feeding period from 91 to 180 days , income over feed cost was higher (P < 0.05) for crossbred cattle by PhP 5.3/kg gain than crossbred water buffalo. Results showed that crossbred water buffalo could attain similar growth rate with that of crossbred cattle under intensive system, when fed with high quality feed materials.     

南德温肉牛与张掖西杂牛三元杂交效果调查

为了确定本地肉牛主导品种,在原有利木辛、夏洛莱、皮埃蒙特等肉牛品种的基础上,从2004年开始引进南德温牛(冻精)与当地西杂牛进行三元杂交改良,止2007年2月,已产南杂牛3 345头,育肥出栏1 750头.总结了甘肃张掖牛改区三元杂交牛外貌特征,适应能力和繁殖能力的观察和调查结果,同时对初生、3月龄、6月龄体尺,体重进行了测定并与同龄二元杂交牛进行了比较,结果发现南德温三元杂交牛表现出适应性强、生长发育快等特点.为本市选择肉牛主导品种和肉牛良种繁育体系建设提供了多元化的品种来源及理论依据.     

苜蓿草颗粒育肥西杂牛效果试验

在基础日粮相同的情况下,试验组采用苜蓿草颗粒,对照组采用铡碎的苜蓿干草,对12头1岁西杂公牛进行60 d育肥试验.测定分析了两组牛的体重、日增重及经济效益,以比较苜蓿的不同调制方法对育肥效果的影响,试验结果表明:头均日增重试验组0.95 kg,比对照0.72kg提高了31.84%(P＜0.01),经济效益试验组比对照组提高了54.3%(P＜0.01).因此选择苜蓿草颗粒进行西杂公牛的育肥效果较好.     

不同药物对杂交奶牛痒螨病的疗效观察

目的为查明治疗杂交奶牛痒螨病的最佳药物。方法采用6种不同药物对杂交奶牛痒螨病予以治疗,分别在用药后的d 20、40、60、80观察其疗效。结果不同的药物对杂交奶牛的痒螨病均有一定的疗效,但随着时间的推移,痒螨病的复发率较高,80 d后观察,试Ⅰ组(克虫星组)疗效最好,痊愈率达60%,试Ⅵ组(农用柴油组)疗效最低,痊愈率只有20%。     

杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交一代及小尾寒羊(公羔、5～6月龄、体重46～48.5kg)共16只,每个处理4只.经屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌各半制备样品,测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量.结果表明:粗蛋白质含量,萨寒F120.8%,陶寒F120.5%,杜寒F120.1%,均高于小尾寒羊(19.6%).每百克肉中17种氨基酸总量也分别高于小尾寒羊,依次为萨寒F1(20.09g),陶寒F1(19.78g);杜寒F1(19.13g);小尾寒羊(18.42g).人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸总量分别比小尾寒羊提高8.86%;8.54%和2.16%,其中组氨酸的含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);杜寒F1和陶寒F1的蛋氨酸含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).与风味(鲜味)有直接关系的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高.萨寒F1和陶寒F1粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).杂交肥羔钙极显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),铁、锰、硒含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);而小尾寒羊肥羔肉含锌量(34mg)高于杂交羊;有毒有害元素均未检出.说明肉羊生产的生态环境和饲料条件均能达到绿色食品和有机食品的要求.利用杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特绵羊杂交小尾寒羊,杂交羊不仅肉的营养价值得到了提高,而且肉的风味也得到了较大改善.综合评定杂交肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质均优于小尾寒羊.     

Mortality Patterns in Dairy Animals under Organized Herd Management Conditions at Karnal India

Mortality patterns of two Zebu cattle breeds, Sahiwal and Tharparkar, and two crossbred strains, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries, maintained at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal were studied. Nine-year (1989--90 to 1997--98) data on mortality were analysed for year, season, age and cause effects on mortality rate. The overall mortality was 14.17%. The mortality in Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries averaged 14.35%, 7.21%, 17.12% and 13.46%, respectively. The breed mortality rate did not vary significantly between years, seasons, age categories and causes of disease. However, the trends indicated appreciable difference in mortality rates. The mortality was highest in the year 1994--95 (19.53%) and lowest in 1991--92 (8.56%). There was very little variation in seasonal mortality rate and mortality rate averaged 4.53%, 4.81% and 4.84% in hot-dry (March-June), hot-humid (July-October) and cold (November-February) seasons, respectively. The mortality up to 2 months of age accounted for a major share (50-60% or higher) in different breed groups. Digestive problems followed by respiratory disorders together accounted for 70-80% of total deaths.     

Status of Lipid Peroxidation,Some Antioxidant Enzymes and Erythrocytic Fragility of Crossbred Cattle Naturally Infected with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theileria annulata</Emphasis>

Erythrocytic lipid peroxidation, activities of some antioxidant enzymes and osmotic fragility of red blood cells was studied in adult (>1 year) crossbred cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata. Twenty clinically healthy animals (group I) and 15 clinical cases (group II) of tropical theileriosis were selected. Cattle suffering from theileriosis had significantly higher (p<0.01) erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, viz. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamate peroxidase (GPx) were also significantly increased (p<0.01) in group II. However, superoxide dismutase and catalase did not show significant changes. The results indicated that infection with theileria led to increased oxidative stress to the animals, and even a significant rise in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. G6PD and GPx could not lower this oxidative stress. However, the increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes pointed towards the body’s defence mechanism against lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress in theileriosis.