礼貌的顺应性

从语境关系顺应、语言结构顺应、动态顺应、意识程度四个方面对礼貌现象的考察说明礼貌具有顺应性。礼貌的顺应性是指在交际活动中, 处于不同心理状态的交际者根据语境变化选择适宜的礼貌策略来表达自己的思想。忽视礼貌的顺应性是礼貌原则存在不足之处的根本原因。     

Effect of the Flanking Sequence Architecture of Translation Initiation AUG Codon on Gene Expression Level in Rice

The relationship between the codon usage bias, gene expression level and the AUG context (from -20 to +6 positions relative to the initiator AUG codon) was examined in 541unigene sequences of rice. A significant correlation for CAI values (codon adaptation index) was observed at five nucleotide positions (-19, -18, -9, -4, +5), eight (-19, -18,-14, -9, -6, -4, -1, +5) for CPP (codon preference parameter), and seven (-18, -16, -15,-9, -7, -1, + 6) for mRNA abundance in the flanking sequence of the initiator AUG codon respectively, but a significantly positive correlation for both CAI and CPP at two positions (-4 and +5), indicating that both those positions are evolutionally under the natural selection constraint at the translational level. By site-directed mutagenesis at seven specific positions (-18, -16, -15, -9, -7, -1 and + 6) for allergenic protein that had the highest mRNA abundance in this study, its expression level decreased dramatically 63.3 and 72.5% respectively, indicating the importance of those 7 positions for gene expression. A highly positive correlation (r= 0.625, P＜ 0.01) between AUGCAI and GC content in the flanking sequence of the initiator AUG codon showed a more effective higher GC content on translation initiation efficiency. The strong preference for G or C at those 8 positions (-6, -5, -3, -2, -1, +4, +5 and +6) in the AUG context suggested that an important factor in modulation of the translation efficiency, as well as synonymous codon usage bias, particularly in highly expressed genes.     

论语境与翻译选词

本文旨在通过对决定语言意义的具体语言环境，即直接语言环境、间接语言环境及语言所蕴含的文化背景等三个方面进行全而的剖析，以期寻求如何正确地理解原文的含义以及如何把原文的含义在译文中巧妙体现出来的应对策略，并因此强调说明语境对翻译选词的重要影响和决定性作用。     

创造具有文化底蕴的空间环境——滨海·水木花都小区环境设计

创造具有文化特色的居住区空间景观,以满足人们精神层面的需求。以"长兴滨海.水木花都小区环境设计"为例,在居住区环境的景观设计中通过挖掘和表现地域文脉,营造具有传统文化特色、符合人们审美情趣的现代居住区环境。     

词汇的联想意义及其语用功能

本文阐述了联想意义的概念及其研究溯源。联想意义是进入话语实现其交际功能的心理学基础，具有十分重要的价值。很多话语，只有结合具体的语境，在联想的基础上，才能推导出其会话意义。     

Learning in context through conflict and alignment: Farmers and scientists in search of sustainable agriculture

This article analyzes learning in context through the prism of a sustainable dairy-farming project. The research was performed within a nutrient management project that involved the participation of farmers and scientists. Differences between heterogeneous forms of farmers knowledge and scientific knowledge were discursively constructed during conflict and subsequent alignment over the validity and relevance of knowledge. Both conflict and alignment appeared to be essential for learning in context. Conflict spurred learning when disagreeing groups of actors developed their knowledge in order to strengthen their arguments. Conflict caused self-referentiality when the actors no longer listened to each other. This inhibited self-reflection, thus blocking ongoing learning. Nevertheless, after a period of alignment, scientific models and knowledge of farmers were reevaluated and recontextualized. Through determining how to use scientific models and farmers knowledge for further learning, aimed at a shared goal, the participating actors also learned how to learn.Jasper Eshuis is a PhD candidate in the Department of Communication Management at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. His research deals with multiple land use, governance processes, and farmers decision-making. He is currently interested in monitoring and trust.Marian Stuiver is a PhD candidate in the Department of Rural Sociology of Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Her current research focuses on nutrient management, farmers innovation, and co-production of knowledge within the agricultural sciences.     

叙事语境下的问津园空间解构

问津园作为天津地区盐商园林的代表,具有极高的艺术价值和研究价值。在叙事语境的视角下探究问津园的空间要素及内涵,通过叙事语境中的叙事过程即设计者张霖的设计过程和宾客的解读过程,叙事“三要素”即设计者、景观媒介、解读者,以及叙事“四层次”即实体要素层、符号图形层、主题序列层、景观内涵层,对问津园的空间要素以及内涵进行解读,着重对张霖文人乐水的园林观和寄情山水的隐逸之情进行了阐述。     

复杂背景下黄瓜病害叶片的分割方法研究

利用图像处理和模式识别技术进行复杂背景下黄瓜叶部病害的自动识别,需要先把目标叶片从复杂背景中分割出来,才能进行后续的特征提取和病害识别。为实现复杂背景下黄瓜叶片的分割,首先利用K-均值聚类算法去除图片中的非绿色部分,再采用基于laplacian of gaussia(LOG)算子的方法对待分割的叶片进行区域检测,然后进行基于形状上下文(shape context)的模板匹配和分割。为了提高匹配速度,先检测叶片的生长点和叶尖,以确定叶片的位置、尺寸和方向;然后使用基于超像素(superpixel)的最优匹配搜索方法来减少搜索的复杂度。对20幅黄瓜叶部病害图像进行分割测试,并与人工分割法进行对比,结果表明,本文所采用的分割算法能较好地从复杂背景下提取出黄瓜叶部病害图像,分割准确率达94.7%,为后期黄瓜病斑的特征提取等工作奠定了良好的基础。     

论晚近中国民主观念赖以生成的三重语境

影响晚近中国民主观念的因素,除了特定的社会政治形势外,还有主要由民族主义、启蒙主义和马克思主义三者所构成的思想语境。它们分别为不同类型的民主观念提供价值规范,在不同程度上影响和制约着民主观念的生成。由于价值观的差异,不同语境虽然可以勉强相容,但更多的是相互挤压,相互竞争,而竞争的结果是马克思主义作为强势语境的胜出。五四以后新民主主义逐渐形成并最终上升为中国社会的主流意识形态,即是这种强势语境作用的结果。     

基于GC-Cascade R-CNN的梨叶病斑计数方法

为提高梨叶片病害发生程度诊断的效率和准确性,本文提出基于全局上下文级联R-CNN网络（Global context Cascade R-CNN,GC-Cascade R-CNN）的梨叶病斑计数方法。模型的主干特征提取网络嵌入全局上下文模块（Global context feature model, GC-Model）,建立有效的长距离和通道依赖,增强目标特征信息。引入特征金字塔网络（Feature pyramid network, FPN）融合浅层细节特征和深层丰富语义特征。使用ROI Align替换ROI Pooling进行区域特征聚集,增强目标特征表达。最后利用多层级联网络对目标区域进行边框回归和分类,完成病斑计数任务。在梨叶病斑图像测试中,模型的各类病斑平均精确率均值（Mean average precision, mAP）达89.4%,检测单幅图像平均耗时为0.347 s。结果表明,模型能够有效地从梨叶片病害图像中检测出多类病斑目标,尤其对叶片炭疽病斑检测效果提升显著;不同种类梨叶片病害病斑计数值与真实值回归实验决定系数R²均大于0.92,表明模型病斑计数...