Differential Response to Salt Stress Within and Among Iranian Melilotus Species

This paper explores the salt-tolerance response of Melilotus species, a forage legume, based on tolerance/susceptibility indices, leaf water relations, leaf/root ion concentrations and multivariate (factor and function discriminate) analyses. In a greenhouse experiment, salinity-susceptibility of 12 accessions of Melilotus (M. albus, M. indicus, M. officinalis) in addition, two controls (alfalfa and Persian clover) were evaluated at 0 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM, and 300 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with two replications. Stress tolerance score (STS) was calculated based on tolerance/susceptibility indices. Salt-tolerant accessions were identified. An extracted bi-plot based on factor analysis confirmed the results of tolerance/susceptibility indices. There were significant correlations between STS and multivariate statistics. Root potassium cation (K⁺) concentration was higher in Melilotus species than the control species in all the salinity treatments. STS, root K⁺ concentration, leaf turgidity, and leaf succulence characteristics can be used for screening salinity-tolerance in Melilotus accessions. In all treatments, M. officinalis, M. indicus, and M. albus were salinity-tolerant species in descending order.

Abbreviations: Total biomass yield under control (Yp) and stress (Ys) mediums, geometric mean productivity (GMP), leaf area (LA), leaf tissue density (LTD), linear regression coefficient (b), mean productivity (MP), relative water content (RWC%), Succulence (S), specific leaf area (SLA), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance (TOL), water content at saturation (WCS), water saturation deficit (WSD), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium cation (K⁺), sodium cation (Na⁺), analysis of variance (ANOVA), least significant difference (LSD), alfalfa control accession (CHA), Persian clover control accession (CHC), coefficient of variation (CV), statistics of factor (F) and discriminate function (D)     

Formation and movement of groundwater in the thick loess-palaeosol sequences of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Permeability and water-bearing space are important hydrological characteristics of the loess strata. In this study a systematic experiment was conducted to measure the magnetic susceptibility, grain size, porosity, and infiltration rate of the loess and palaeosol layers on a loess tableland of the central Chinese Loess Plateau, in order to investigate the differences in hydrological conditions between the loess and palaeosol layers. The magnetic susceptibility of the loess layer was lower than that of the palaeosol layer, but the average quasi-steady infiltration rate was about 0.31 mm min~(-1) higher, the coarse silt and very fine sand contents were about7.1% greater, and the porosity was about 5.7% higher. These differences were mainly due to pedogenesis, which was affected by the Quaternary climate. The pedogenesis differences between the loess and palaeosol layers resulted in hydrological property differences in terms of permeability and water-bearing space. The loess layer had a higher permeability and more water-bearing space than the palaeosol layer, which meant that the loess layer is more likely to form aquifers and the palaeosol layer is more prone to form aquitards.The groundwater in the loess strata had a multilayered characteristic, which depended on the relative impermeability of palaeosol layer and the alternate deposition of loess-palaeosol layers. The hydrological characteristics of the loess strata demonstrated that the Quaternary climate had an important control function on the formation and movement of groundwater. This knowledge provides a reliable theoretical basis for water resource development and utilization on the Chinese Loess Plateau, and this study extends the application of Quaternary climate change theory to hydrological systems in loess deposits.     

致仔猪腹泻大肠埃希菌的分离及耐药性分析

为调查江苏省泰州地区引起仔猪腹泻的主要病原,采集腹泻仔猪的肛拭子样品共70份,利用MA琼脂平板共分离得到136株细菌。鉴定结果表明,其中含大肠埃希菌119株、沙门氏菌5株、志贺菌4株、阪崎肠杆菌8株。致病性试验确定其中有81株细菌为致病性大肠埃希菌,对其进行O抗原血清型鉴定,有36株分离菌被定型,分属于6种血清型,以O₇₈和O₁₀₁为优势血清型。进一步对分离得到的大肠埃希菌进行肠毒素基因检测,结果表明,这些大肠埃希菌中包含ST1+ST2型20株、LT1+ST2型44株、ST2型17株,共3种产肠毒素类型。药敏试验结果显示,超过75%的菌株对头孢他啶、阿米卡星和氧氟沙星表现为敏感,而对常用的四环素、头孢呋辛、卡那霉素、多西环素等呈现耐药性,且存在严重的多药耐药现象。研究结果可为泰州地区仔猪腹泻的预防和治疗提供参考依据。     

利用纳米磁性材料表征地表溅蚀特征的初探

磁性示踪研究坡面土壤侵蚀已取得一定成果,但目前的磁性示踪方法不能满足次降雨后的溅蚀特征研究。因此,在无磁性的石英砂上施用不同浓度(1.5%、2.5%、3.5%)和不同粒径(20 nm、200 nm)的纳米磁性材料,而后进行人工模拟溅蚀试验,利用磁化率仪和3D手持微地形扫描仪研究地表磁性变化与溅蚀后地表特征变化之间的关系,研究利用纳米磁性材料表征溅蚀特征的可行性。结果表明:20 nm磁性材料提高石英砂磁性背景值的幅度远高于200 nm磁性材料且不同浓度的磁性差异极显著,两种纳米磁性材料均呈现出布设浓度越大,示踪时间越长的特点;溅蚀后表层磁化率随溅蚀时间的延长而逐渐衰减,二者呈现出相关性较高的χ_1=aln(t)+b对数函数关系;20 nm磁性材料在3.5%浓度下可有效定量表征出石英砂溅蚀量的变化(p0.01),二者之间的相关关系可用χ_2=a Mb幂函数表示;20 nm磁性材料在溅蚀3 min内的磁化率变化与微地形高差变化呈极显著相关关系(p0.01),说明20 nm磁性材料可以在短时间内有效表征出溅蚀地表的侵蚀程度,可表征出的侵蚀厚度在-5~10 mm内。该研究证明20 nm磁性材料表征溅蚀地表特征的方法在一定程度上是可行的,可为磁性示踪法的深入研究提供新的思路和方法。     

鲫腹水症病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

从河南新乡某养殖场患腹水症的鲫鱼体内分离纯化获得1株细菌,编号为CA1618,通过细菌形态学观察、Biolog微生物鉴定系统,进一步采用PCR方法扩增其16SrDNA序列分析。结果表明CA1618菌株为革兰阴性杆菌,利用葡萄糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖、海藻糖等多种碳源,与Aeromonas sobria特征同源性为0.575、遗传距离为6.226;测序获得16SrDNA序列片段为1 363bp,与Aeromonas sobria序列同源性为99%~100%,构建系统发育树表明与模式菌株Aeromonas sobria ATCC43979T(GenBank登录号:X74683)亲缘关系最近,最终鉴定为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)。CA1618菌株人工感染鲫鱼半数致死量(LD50)为1.55×10~7 CFU/mL,药敏试验显示对头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢克肟、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明、四环素、氯霉素等抗生素敏感。     

患体表出血症的泥鳅病原菌的鉴定与生物特性分析

从体表具有明显出血症状的患病泥鳅内脏组织中分离到2株优势菌,对这2种菌进行了鉴定和特性分析。利用形态学观察、生理生化特性分析和16SrDNA序列测定法对细菌类别进行初步判定,并采用人工感染试验和药敏试验对细菌的致病性与耐药性进行分析。分析表明这2种菌分别为霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)和希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens),人工感染试验表明它们对泥鳅具有较强的致病性;用含有抗生素的20种药敏纸片进行药敏试验,发现这2种分离菌同时对氯霉素、环丙沙星、复方新诺明、头孢西丁、四环素、诺氟沙星和头孢他啶等7种抗生素高敏,对其他抗生素具有一定抗性。首次报道了泥鳅一种新的病原即希瓦氏菌,试验表明希瓦氏菌作为一种潜在的病原菌,可能与泥鳅霍乱弧菌协同作用,对泥鳅的养殖造成危害,同时也为泥鳅常见体表出血症病原的确定和防治提供参考依据。     

鲶源维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏特性

为探明发病怀头鲶Silurus soldatovi的病原及其生物学特征,从发病怀头鲶体内分离出1株革兰氏阴性细菌SG-1,通过细菌形态学观察、理化特性、16S r DNA测序和构建系统发育进化树分析对其进行了鉴定。结果表明:分离菌SG-1菌株葡萄糖产气、氧化酶、硝酸盐还原为阳性,鸟氨酸脱羧酶、硫化氢为阴性;进一步采用PCR方法扩增其16S r DNA序列,测序获得片段大小为1409 bp,与维氏气单胞菌Aeromonas veronii模式菌株ATCC35624序列相似性达99.86%;构建系统发育树分析显示,分离菌与维氏气单胞菌自然聚为一支,最终判定SG-1菌株为维氏气单胞菌;人工感染斑马鱼Danio rerio、鲶S.soldatovi,其死亡率均达100%,病鱼呈现体表出血、肛门红肿、腹水等症状;药敏试验结果显示,该菌对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星、左氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等药物敏感,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、磺胺异恶唑、甲氧嘧啶、复方新诺明等耐药。本研究结果为了解维氏气单胞菌感染鲶的致病机理及其该病的预防治疗提供了科学参考。     

水稻飞虱对杀虫剂敏感性变化动态规律的研究

对不同年份、不同世代和不同性别褐飞虱、白背飞虱成虫进行抗药性监测。结果表明:褐飞虱对甲胺磷 1999年后为低水平抗性;对叶蝉散、西维因和混灭威 10年间的敏感性有一定波动,为低到中等水平抗性;对马拉硫磷 1995年后为中等水平抗性。白背飞虱对甲胺磷 1997年起为中等水平抗性;对叶蝉散和西维因 1998年后也达中等水平;对混灭威 2002年开始上升为低水平抗性;对马拉硫磷都处于高抗水平。褐飞虱对扑虱灵、甲胺磷和叶蝉散的敏感性变化规律年度内均为迁入代>迁出代>回迁代,年度间为翌年迁入代>头年回迁代。褐飞虱对扑虱灵敏感性下降的速度较甲胺磷和叶蝉散快。2种飞虱的雄成虫对杀虫剂的敏感性高于雌成虫。     

异育银鲫病原维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患病的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肝脏中分离得1株优势菌DF-1。将菌DF-1进行人工回感试验,其患病症状同自然发病症状,证明其对鲫有致病性。该菌的形态特征、主要理化特性、16S rRNA序列测定结果及系统发育树的构建均表明其为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。药敏试验结果表明,该菌对甲哌利福霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、阿洛西林、氟苯尼考等12种药物敏感,对青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、罗红霉素、克林霉素等15种药物表现出耐药性。