基于地统计学的三峡库区重庆段耕地人口承载力时空特征研究

采用三峡库区2007和2010年遥感数据及社会经济统计数据,采用全覆盖的20 km×20 km网格划分空间样地,运用地统计学方法对三峡库区重庆段耕地人口承载力空间分布特征进行了模拟与分析。结果表明,2007-2010年三峡库区耕地承载力盈亏值发生改变。2007年耕地承载力超载463.76万人,2010年耕地承载人口具有56.57万人的潜力空间。三峡库区耕地承载力具有明显的趋势效应,东西方向呈1阶,南北方向呈多阶。耕地承载力的空间相关性较高。三峡库区耕地承载力空间分布呈现明显的条带状,并具有由西南到东北逐渐降低的趋势。2007-2010年,耕地承载力空间分布有所变化,主城9区的西南部承载力上升,江津区以及长寿区的耕地承载力降低明显。     

Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.     

2种不同算法的水资源生态足迹动态比较分析——以山西省为例

为分析比较全球公顷和国家公顷核算水资源生态足迹的异同,基于水资源生态足迹理论与方法,构建出"全球公顷"和"国家公顷"的山西省水资源生态足迹计算模型,对其2007—2018年水资源生态足迹进行了测算与比较分析。结果表明:(1)2种不同算法得出12年间山西省人均水资源生态足迹、人均水资源承载力、人均水资源生态赤字变化趋势相似,整体均呈上升趋势,但用国家公顷法得出的结果均大于用全球公顷法得出的同1年份的结果。(2)2种不同算法得出山西省2007—2018年万元GDP水资源生态足迹均呈下降趋势,说明12年间其水资源利用率在提高。(3)2种不同算法得出这12年间山西省水资源生态压力指数远1,说明其水资源开发利用处于不安全状态。研究认为:(1)2种算法产生差异的主要原因在于采用的水资源均衡因子、水资源产量因子及区域水资源平均生产能力存在差异。国家公顷法比全球公顷法能更好地反映国家级以下空间尺度水资源开发利用态势。(2)需根据不同的研究目的,构建相应的计算模型进行水资源生态足迹的核算与分析,既有助于真实反映不同空间尺度上区域水资源开发利用态势,也有利于同级空间区域尺度上水资源生态足迹的比较。     

藏东南高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征

为探究高寒土坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,建立科学的坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,服务高寒坡面水土流失治理工作,以藏东南高寒土壤为研究对象,采用室内径流放水冲刷试验,探讨不同流量和坡度条件下细沟水流输沙能力特征。结果表明：（1）高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力的临界坡长随输沙能力的增加而变短,范围为3.27~8.31 m;坡度在15°~25°时,临界坡长大约稳定在5.0 m;（2）不同坡度下,高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与流量表现为明显的线性正相关关系（T_c=Aq）;小坡度的输沙能力受流量的影响程度大于大坡度;（3）高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与坡度可以用指数方程较好地表示（T_c=-ae^（-S/b）+c）,输沙能力随坡度的增大先快速增大,后逐渐过渡到平稳,当坡度达到15°时增幅平缓;（4）坡面细沟水流输沙能力可以用二元幂函数方程T_c=1697.83S^0.491q^1.043表示。通过本模型与其他模型的比较分析,ANSWERS模型在计算高寒土的坡面细沟水流输沙能力还值得商榷,本试验模型、Lei模型与Gao模型均能较好地模拟高寒区细沟侵蚀输沙能力。     

基于CRITIC-GR-TOPSIS法的烟台市水资源承载力综合评价

[目的] 对山东省烟台市水资源承载具体状况进行定量与定性分析,提出相应提高水资源承载力的对策和建议,为实现烟台市水资源可持续发展提供科学参考。[方法] 建立涵盖水资源、社会、经济和水环境4个准则层的评价指标体系,运用CRITIC-GR-TOPSIS法,对2003—2018年烟台市水资源承载力进行综合评价,以相对贴近度C_j作为综合评价值,C_j越大表明水资源承载力越高,并采用障碍度模型量化各指标对水资源承载力的影响程度。[结果] 2003—2018年烟台市水资源承载力整体呈现上升趋势,从2003年的0.449 7上升至2018年的0.578 3。通过障碍度模型计算发现,社会和水环境子系统内各指标对于水资源承载力的影响不断加大,而经济子系统相关指标对烟台市水资源承载力的影响不断减弱,水资源子系统内各指标则在此期间保持稳定且较高的影响水平。[结论] 2003—2018年烟台市水资源承载力有所上升,但其上升幅度并不明显,未来仍有广阔的提升空间。     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物持水特性研究

为了定量评价森林枯落物的水文功能,通过野外观测和浸水法实验,调查了晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物的蓄积量,分析了枯落物的持水能力与过程,并对枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯落物蓄积量为6.81~56.64t/hm²,由大到小表现为:落叶松×白桦>落叶松>侧柏>油松×刺槐>油松>白桦>柠条>刺槐不同森林类型的枯落物最大持水量为10.08~100.78t/hm²,最大持水率变化范围为146.54%~203.74%,最大拦蓄量为9.41~88.65t/hm²,有效拦蓄量为7.90~73.53t/hm²枯落物浸水实验结果表明,枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈反函数关系,在浸泡最初的0.5h持水量迅速增加,随后增幅减小,在12h以后枯落物吸水基本达到了最大值,持水量趋于动态平衡。表明落叶松×白桦混交林林下枯落物是8种林地中持水性最优的,刺槐纯林枯落物持水特性最差。     

辽西北半干旱区煤炭资源型城市环境容量评价

以中国辽西北地区煤炭资源型城市阜新市为研究对象,对该市生态环境特点进行了分析。采用层次分析法和生态环境容量指数法,建立了生态环境容量评价指标体系及评价权重,计算了生态环境容量现状值,并对该市当前所处的生态环境状态进行了评价。结果表明,阜新市目前的生态环境容量评价值为0.316 7,属于生态环境容量分级标准中的第4级,说明阜新市当前的生态环境容量处于较低状态,自然生态系统承载能力已经接近极限。这与城市多年来的煤炭开采活动密不可分。未来应关注经济开发活动和自然生态环境的协调发展,从而改善城市生态环境,促进城市可持续发展。     

不同经营措施对油松林枯落物持水性能的影响研究

为了评价不同经营措施对油松人工林枯落物持水能力的影响,通过带状皆伐、封禁抚育、孔状择伐、修枝抚育、引进灌木这5种措施,并以未封禁作为对照的实验方法,分别在抚育开始、抚育后2a、抚育后4a对枯落物的储量、最大含水量、自然含水量和有效拦蓄量进行了测定和评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物储量和持水性能随抚育时间的延长呈增加趋势。(2)不同经营措施下,抚育后2和4a的枯落物储量大小顺序均为:带状皆伐>封育恢复>孔状择伐>修枝抚育>引进灌木>未封禁枯落物最大含水量在抚育后1~2a内排序为:引进灌木>封育恢复>带状皆伐>孔状择伐>修枝抚育,抚育后2~4a排序为:引进灌木>带状皆伐>封育恢复>孔状择伐>修枝抚育>未封禁自然含水量在抚育后1~2a排序为:封育恢复>引进灌木>孔状择伐>带状皆伐>修枝抚育>未封禁,在抚育后2~4a表现出:引进灌木>封育恢复>孔状择伐>带状皆伐>修枝抚育>未封禁有效拦蓄量变化趋势表现为:带状皆伐>孔状择伐>引进灌木>封育恢复>修枝抚育>未封禁。     

生物成因施氏矿物去除模拟地下水中As(Ⅲ) 的研究：柱实验

To assess the feasibility of biogenic schwertmannite to act as a sorbent for removing arsenite from groundwater, a series of biogenic schwertmannite-packed column adsorption experiments were conducted on simulated As(III)-containing groundwater. Empty bed contact time (EBCT), As(III) concentration in effluent, and the removal efficiency of As(III) through the column were investigated at pH 8.0 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 °C. The results showed that the breakthrough curves were mainly dependent on EBCT values when the influent As(III) concentration was 500 μg L^-1 and the optimum EBCT was 4.0 min. When the effluent As(III) concentration reached 10 and 50 μg L^-1, the breakthrough volume for the schwertmannite adsorption columns were 4 200 and 5 600 bed volume (BV), with As(III) adsorption capacity of 2.1 and 2.8 mg g^-1, respectively. Biogenic schwertmannite could be regenerated by 1.0 mol L^-1 NaOH solution, and more than 80% of As(III) adsorbed on the surface of schwertmannite could be released after 3 successive regenerations. The breakthrough volume for the regenerated schwertmannite-packed column still maintained 4 000--4 200 BV when the As(III) concentration in effluent was below 10 μg L^-1. Compared with other sorbents for As(III) removal, the biogenic schwertmannite-packed column had a higher breakthrough volume and a much higher adsorption capacity, implying that biogenic schwertmannite was a highly efficient and potential sorbent to purify As(III)-contaminated groundwater.