Amending a loamy sand with three compost types: impact on soil quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the long‐term addition of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost – VFYW, garden waste compost – GW and spent mushroom compost – SM) on the physical properties of a sandy soil and to quantify any such effects using indicators of soil physical quality. Soil samples were taken from a field with annual compost applications of 30 m³/ha for 10 yr and various physico‐chemical analyses were undertaken. Results show a significant increase in soil organic carbon (21%) with the VFYW and GW compost types. With SM, soil organic carbon increased by 16%. Increased soil macroporosity and water content at saturation with a corresponding decrease in bulk density were observed for all compost types. However, quantification of these improvements using existing soil physical quality indicators such as the ‘S‐index’, soil air capacity and matrix porosity gave mixed results showing that these indices perform poorly when applied to sandy soils. It is concluded that the long‐term application of compost does not significantly improve the physical properties of sandy soils, but the absence of adverse effects suggests that these soils are a viable disposal option for these composts, but new indices of quality are needed for the proper characterization of sandy soils.     

铜对土壤中功夫菊酯和氯氰菊酯迁移和扩散的影响

Repeated applications of bordeaux mixture （a blend of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide） and pyrethroid insecticides （Pys） have led to elevated copper （Cu） and Pys concentrations in vineyard surface soils. To understand the potential influence of Cu on the fate of Pys in the soil environment, we selected two Pys, cypermethrin （CPM） and lambda-cyhalothrin （λ-CHT）, and two typical Chinese vineyard soils, Haplic Acrisol and Luvic Phaeozem, as experimental samples. The dissipation experiment was conducted at room temperature in the dark, and the transport of both Pys through the soils was investigated using soil thin-layer chromatography. The results showed that the transport of Pys in both soils increased as the Cu²⁺ concentration increased from 0 to 100 mg L^-1 , and Pys were more transportable in Haplic Acrisol （HA） than in Luvic Phaeozem （LP） under the same experimental conditions. For CPM, only 100 mg L^-1 of Cu²⁺ significantly （P<0.05） increased Pys transport through both soils relative to water. Lambda-CHT was significantly （P<0.05） transported through HA by all the Cu²⁺ concentrations compared to water, and all but the 1 mg L^-1 of Cu²⁺ significantly （P<0.05） increased the transport of λ-CHT through LP relative to water. However, the dissipation rates of CPM and λ-CHT decreased with the addition of Cu to soils. Our findings suggest that the risk of groundwater contamination by Pys increases in the soils with elevated Cu concentrations.     

Influence of compost amendments on the hydraulic functioning of brownfield soils

This study assessed the impact of compost on the hydraulic properties of three soils (sandy loam, clay loam and diesel‐contaminated sandy loam) with relatively poor physical quality typical of brownfield sites. Soils were amended with two composts at 750 t/ha. Samples were also collected from a clay‐capped brownfield site, previously amended with 250, 500 or 750 t/ha of compost. Water‐release characteristics and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined for all soils and physical quality indicators derived. Unsaturated flow in field profiles after compost application with two depths of incorporation and two indigenous subsoils was simulated using Hydrus‐1D. Compost generally increased water retention. Hydraulic conductivity tended to decrease following compost application in sandy loam but increased in clay and clay loam, where compost addition resulted in a larger dominant pore size. Although compost improved physical quality indicators, they remained suboptimum in clay and clay loam soil, which exhibited poor aeration, and in the contaminated sandy loam, where available water capacity was limited, possibly due to changes in wettability. Increasing application rates in the field enhanced water retention at low potentials and hydraulic conductivity near saturation but did not alter physical quality indicators. Numerical simulation indicated that the 500 t/ha application resulted in the best soil moisture regime. Increasing the depth of incorporation in the clay cap improved drainage and reduced waterlogging, but incorporation in more permeable subsoil resulted in prolonged dry conditions to greater depths.     

Effects of Bentonite, Hydrogel and Biochar Amendments on Soil Hydraulic Properties from Saturation to Oven Dryness

Effects of hydrogel, bentonite, and biochar as soil amendments on soil hydraulic properties and improving water availability from saturation to oven dryness were investigated. Soils were mixed with hydrogel (0.10%, 0.25%, and 0.50%), bentonite (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.5%), and biochar (1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0%) as soil amendments (weight:weight). Three methods (extended multistep outflow (XMSO), evaporation (EVA), and WP4 dewpoint potentiometer) were used to measure soil hydraulic properties from saturation to oven dryness. The cumulative XMSO results were more uniform across all the applied pressure steps for the amended soils. The EVA exhibited a shorter linear decrease during the first evaporation stage and a lower evaporation rate during the second evaporation stage. The WP4 results also exhibited that soil amendments increased the soil water content of the amended soils at low matric potentials. The results of soil water retention curves revealed that the unamended soil retained less water at any matric potential compared to the amended soils. Soil hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing amount of soil amendments. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher for the unamended soil than the soils amended with 2.5% bentonite, 0.50% hydrogel, and 5.0% biochar by 11, 3, and 18 times, respectively. These results suggested that soil amendments improved soil water retentivity, which confirmed the appropriateness of these soil amendments for potential use in sandy soil improvements. However, field experiments and economical perception studies should be considered for further investigation.     

生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展

生物质炭在农业与环境中的应用已成为近期国内外研究热点,有关生物质炭特性以及生物质炭对土壤化学、生物学性质和作物产量的影响,已经有一些综述,但是生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的相关综述很少。本文对近10年生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响相关的研究成果进行了整理分析。研究结果发现生物质炭可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加田间持水量和土壤有效水含量,降低饱和导水率等。生物质炭影响土壤物理性质的主要原因是生物质炭具有较大的比表面积和孔隙度。此外,生物质炭与土壤矿质颗粒结合,并通过对土壤微生物活性和植物生长的影响间接影响土壤物理性质。生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响与多种因素有关,如生物质炭原料、裂解温度、施用量和颗粒大小,土壤质地和处理时间等。关于生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的长期研究很少,且缺乏田间试验。因此,将来的研究应更加倾向于长期田间条件下生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响,并逐渐发现生物质炭的作用机理,为实际的农业生产和生态治理提供科学依据。     

Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solid waste composts

We present the results of a plot experiment in which the changes in physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of a sandy soil were examined after amending the soil with two different composts produced from municipal solid wastes. Triticale (X Triticosecale), cultivated in a 3-y monoculture, was used as a test plant. Both composts differed in their concentrations of heavy metals. Composts were applied non-recurrently in the spring before sowing, at the rates of 18, 36, and 72 t dry matter ha⁻¹. The plots without fertilization, and those fertilized annually with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were used as controls. Soil samples were collected 1 month after compost application, as well as each year after harvesting. Application of both composts improved soil physical properties, associated with increasing content of organic carbon (OC). Statistically significant increases of total porosity, field water capacity and amounts of plant-available water were found only in the short time after compost application. Despite the fact that soil OC content decreased with time, a C:N ratio clearly increased in the third year after compost application, which was explained by a depletion of N reserve. Both composts caused a large increase of plant-available P, K, and magnesium (Mg), which was observed during the entire period of the experiment. Beneficial changes were also observed in soil humic substances composition. These were confirmed by increased humic acids content and humic/fulvic acid ratios. Soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation increased in all plots amended with composts. This effect was still observed 1 year after compost application, while in the third year it remained significant only at the highest compost rates. Compost originating from industrial areas, even if applied in low amounts, caused a significant increase in total concentration of soil heavy metals. This fact did not result, however, in any substantial changes in soil quality with regard to heavy metals content.     

The Effects of Long‐term Fertiliser Applications on Soil Organic Carbon and Hydraulic Properties of a Loess Soil in China

Based on a 28‐year in situ experiment, this paper investigated the impacts of organic and inorganic fertiliser applications on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil hydraulic properties of the silt loam (Eumorthic Anthrosols) soils derived from loess soil in the Guanzhong Plain of China. There were two crop (winter wheat and summer maize) rotations with conventional tillage. The treatments included control without fertiliser application, organic manure application (M), chemical fertiliser application (NP), and the application of organic manure with chemical fertiliser (MNP). The results showed that the 28‐year organic manure applications (M and MNP) significantly (p < 0·05) increased SOC content at surface layer (0–10 cm), but the effect of chemical fertilisers alone on SOC was not significant. Organic manure treatments (M and MNP) apparently improved soil hydraulic properties. Compared with control, field capacity and total porosity significantly (p < 0·05) increased while soil bulk density significantly (p < 0·05) decreased for organic manure applications. The M and MNP treatments increased soil water retentions by 3·2–10·8%, which was dependent of suction tensions. However, the NP treatment had no significantly impact on soil water retention compared with control. Neither organic nor inorganic fertiliser applications significantly changed saturated hydraulic conductivity. However, a clear difference was observed for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity between the M and the control at 0–5 cm. Overall, long‐term applications of organic manuring increased SOC content and amended soil hydraulic properties. However, the effects of chemical fertilisers on these soil properties were limited. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differential effects of composts on properties of soils with different textures

Although the beneficial effects of compost on soil properties are well known, there are few systematic studies comparing the effects of composts on soils of different textures. The aim of this pot study was to assess the effects of a single application as mulch of two types of composts derived from different feedstocks, namely C1 (from garden waste) and C2 (from agricultural residues and manures) on three soils with different clay contents (46%, 22% and 13%, hereafter referred to as S46, S22 and S13) in terms of their physical, chemical and biological properties as well as on plant growth and nutrient uptake. The composts were placed as 2.5-cm-thick mulch layer on the soil surface, and wheat plants were grown for 35?days and to grain filling (70?days). The composts reduced the soil pH by 0.3–0.7 units, slightly increased total organic C, but increased soil electrical conductivity compared to unamended soil. Soil respiration was significantly higher in S13 than S46 in all treatments after 5?weeks. At grain filling, soil respiration was higher in S13 than in the other two soils and higher with C2 than with C1 and in the non-amended soil. The addition of compost significantly increased soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in S22 and S46, but not in S13 which also had the lowest CEC among the soils. C2 increased the available P concentration and macro-aggregate stability in all soils compared to C1 and the unamended soil. Compost addition increased available N in S46 and S22 compared to the unamended soil with a stronger effect by C1. Both composts increased wheat growth and shoot P concentrations with the effect of C2 being greater than that of C1. It is concluded that the effect of composts varies with soil type as well as compost type and that this interaction needs to be taken into account when composts are applied to improve specific soil properties.     

亚热带土壤导水特征对钠盐溶液浓度的响应

再生水中高浓度钠盐溶液入渗对土壤水力特性的影响是长期低质水灌溉引起土壤生态环境退化的关键问题之一。该文采用定水头渗透法、一维水平土柱吸渗法测定不同浓度钠盐溶液条件下亚热带地区黏性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、水稻土、紫色土共5种土壤的水动力学参数,分析了土壤理化性质和钠盐溶液浓度对土壤导水特征的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:土壤粉粒、交换性钙及交换性镁含量具有促进土壤水分运动的作用,而土壤黏粒、交换性铁及交换性铝含量则表现出抑制作用。与蒸馏水处理相比较,钠盐加快了土壤水分黏性潮土、沙性潮土及水稻土中的土壤水分运动速率,分别可最高提升其土壤水分扩散率为22.0%、37.3%、39.7%;钠盐减缓了红壤和紫色土的水分扩散速率,溶液钠盐浓度越高,其抑制作用越明显。土壤饱和导水率随溶液盐浓度升高呈先降后升的趋势,1~10 g/L钠盐浓度范围内土壤饱和导水率与钠盐浓度具有良好的抛物线关系(R^2>0.807),各土壤导水率最小极值点的钠盐浓度在5 g/L左右。因此,再生水灌溉利用时其盐浓度适度控制低于其极值点浓度。     

Soil restoration in semiarid Patagonia: Chemical and biological response to different compost quality

Restoration of soils burned by a wildfire using composted amendments of different origin (biosolids and municipal organic wastes) and final particle size (screened and unscreened) was studied after 6 and 12 months of application in a field trial in semiarid NW Patagonia. Composts were applied at 40 Mg ha⁻¹. A fertilized treatment with soluble N (100 kg ha⁻¹) and P (35 kg ha⁻¹), and a non-treated control were also included. As indicators of soil response, chemical (electrical conductivity, pH, organic C, total N, extractable P), biological (potential microbial respiration, potential net N mineralization, N retained in microbial biomass) and physical (temperature and soil moisture) properties were evaluated. Plant soil cover was also estimated. Soil chemical and biological properties showed a high response to organic amendment addition, more evident after the wet season (12 months of application). Soil organic C, total N and extractable P increased significantly with biosolids composts (BC), and soil pH with municipal composts (MC). Potential microbial C respiration and net N mineralization were similar for both MC and BC, and significantly higher than in the control and the inorganic fertilized treatment; when calculated on C or N basis the highest values corresponded to MC. Results imply that in terms of organic C accretion, BC were more effective than MC due to higher amounts of total and recalcitrant C. Screened and unscreened composts did not differ significantly in their effects on soil properties. The increase of organic C with BC did not contribute to increase soil moisture, which was even higher in control plots after the wet season; higher plant cover and water consumption in amended plots could also explain this pattern. Inorganic fertilization enhanced higher plant cover than organic amendments, but did not contribute to soil restoration.     

两种非饱和导水参数推求方法在紫色土上的应用

土壤非饱和导水参数的难于获取,限制了非饱和水流数值模拟技术的实际应用。本研究选择颇具代表性的土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法两种方法,分别推求不同质地紫色土导水参数,并进行了分析比较。结果显示,土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法,推求的非饱和导水率与计算值均具有较好的一致性。鉴于土壤水分特征曲线的易测优势和简单入渗法实验简便省时特点,采用这两种方法进行紫色土非饱和导水参数的推求或预报是可行的。     

两种非饱和导水参数推求方法在紫色土上的应用

土壤非饱和导水参数的难于获取,限制了非饱和水流数值模拟技术的实际应用。本研究选择颇具代表性的土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法两种方法,分别推求不同质地紫色土导水参数,并进行了分析比较。结果显示,土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法,推求的非饱和导水率与计算值均具有较好的一致性。鉴于土壤水分特征曲线的易测优势和简单入渗法实验简便省时特点,采用这两种方法进行紫色土非饱和导水参数的推求或预报是可行的。     

BP保水剂及其对土壤与作物的效应

对美国生产的ＢＰ保水剂在土壤中的试验结果表明,ＢＰ保水剂有极强的吸水保水能力,对无离子的吸水能力为３８．７ｍＬ／ｇ,含盐量在０～０．１％范围内,溶胀度变化最大,在０．１％盐水中的溶胀度仅为蒸馏水的６３％,吸持的有效水占２／３以上;ＢＰ保水剂施加到土壤中可改善土壤物理水分性状,土壤持水性能显著增大,在０．０１～１．５ＭＰａ土壤水势范围内,砂土和重壤土较轻壤土和中壤土有显著增加;土壤中施加ＢＰ保水剂,土壤饱和导水率显著降低,土壤蒸发性能无显著变化,土壤团聚作用增强;其中砂土增加效果显著;ＢＰ保水剂加入砂土中盆栽种植小麦试验表明,加入ＢＰ保水剂,可使小麦幼苗株重、根系长度和根重有明显的增加,根冠比明显增大,根系营养状况良好,对小麦生长有明显的促进作用。     

Compost Effects on Soil Physical Properties And Field Nursery Production

Field production of ornamental shrubs often results in significant topsoil removal and degradation of surface soil physical properties. Building soil organic matter through compost amendments is one way to ameliorate effects from topsoil removal in woody ornamentals production. We amended field soils with three composts to evaluate their effects on soil physical properties and shrub biomass production. Specifically, we applied either duck manure-sawdust (DM), potato cull-sawdust-dairy manure (PC) or paper mill sludge-bark (PMB) composts to a Plano silt loam soil using two application methods: 2.5 cm of compost incorporated into the top 15 cm of soil (incorporated-only) or 2.5 cm of compost incorporated plus 2.5 cm of compost applied over the soil surface (mulched). We grew three shrub species from liners: Spirea japonicum ‘Gumball’, Juniper chinensis ‘Pfitzeriana’, and Berberis thunbergia ‘Atropurpurea’. Shrub species and soil amendment treatments were established in triplicate in a randomized split plot design. Total soil carbon (TC), bulk density (ρb), aggregate stability, soil moisture retention capacity (MRC), volumetric moisture content (θ_v), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) were measured over three years (1998 to 2000). We measured above and below ground shrub dry matter production at the end of the first (1998) and second (1999) growing seasons. Mulched treatments resulted in 15%-21% higher TC than the incorporated-only and no-amendment control treatments. Bulk density decreased with increasing TC contents. Greater aggregate stability and the formation of larger aggregates were related to increased TC. Field moisture retention capacity tended to be higher in the incorporated treatments compared to the mulched and nonamended control treatments. Compost amended treatments increased saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) sevenfold over the nonamended control. There were no compost effects on shrub biomass until the second year of growth. Barberry was the only species to respond significantly and positively to compost application. Specifically, mulched DM compost produced 39-42% greater total Barberry biomass than the other compost treatments and the nonamended control. Our findings showed that compost effects on soil physical properties differed among composts and their subsequent effects on shrub growth were species specific.     

Hydraulic energy indices reveal spatial dependence in a subtropical soil under maize crop in Southern Brazil

Soil physical quality (SPQ) assessment is an important part in the evaluation of soil use, management, and conservation. It can be assessed using several physical properties, hydraulic indices, and functions. Soils from tropical and temperate regions represent different physical behaviors, and the quantification of their physical properties is important to support soil evaluation and modelling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SPQ in a subtropical field under maize crop cultivation according to its physical properties, hydraulic indices, and functions in an attempt to infer the spatial variability and to determine the behavior of soil physical structure across a spatial domain. Commonly used soil key physical variables, such as texture, bulk density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and organic carbon content, were measured in a regular grid with a soil sampling density of 30 points per hectare, covering an area of 0.5 ha. Saturated hydraulic conductivity varied strongly between subsamples and in the field, suggesting the heterogeneity of the soil structure regarding water drainage. The physical variables were combined with other indicators, which were based on the soil water retention curve and the pore size distribution (PSD) function. Correlation analysis was performed to verify the relationship between the measured and calculated variables, and some strong linear correlations were revealed, such as between aeration energy index and microporosity (r = 0.608) and water retention energy index with microporosity (r = 0.532) and with bulk density (r = 0.541). For most sampled locations, the shape and location parameters of PSD showed results outside of the optimum ranges, whereas the hydraulic energy indices and cumulative hydraulic energy functions presented values that were similar to those found for some tropical soils described in the literature. The spatial variability of these indices was described using semivariograms and kriged maps, indicating the variability of the SPQ in this field.     

Compost Amendment to Sandy Soil Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Tomato Productivity

Sandy soils, with low productivity, could be improved by compost application to sustain crop production. This study aimed to examine the effect of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost, garden waste compost, and spent mushroom compost) on basic properties of a loamy sand and greenhouse tomato productivity. Disturbed and intact soil samples were taken from a decade-long compost field experiment on loamy sand with three compost types at application rate of 30 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 (7.5 ton ha^?1 yr^?1). The soils were characterized for chemical and physical properties. Tomato was planted in a greenhouse using soil samples from the field and vegetative and yield parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and fruit yield), water productivity, and harvest index were evaluated. All compost types significantly increased soil total carbon, total nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity and significantly decreased bulk density, with no effect on plant available water compared to the control. Fresh and dry fruit weights were significantly increased after compost addition. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and total biomass did not significantly improve after compost addition. Spent mushroom compost had greater effect in improving tomato productivity. A decade-long application of composts on loamy sand improved basic chemical and physical properties which were reflected in increased fruit yield in tomato. Since no negative effect of compost was observed, we suggest that sandy soils may serve as a safe end use option for these composts and potentially support crop growth.     

Nitrogen and potassium mineralization from winery solid waste composts in sandy and sandy loam soils

This study aimed at quantifying nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) released from winery solid waste (WSW) composts during laboratory incubation to address deficiency in two texturally distinct soils. Composts had 4, 10, 20, 30, 40% (w/w) of filter materials (FMs) mixed with grape marc and pruning canes. The composts were mixed with the soils at equivalent rate of 200 kg N ha^?1 and incubated for 42 days. Quantitatively higher (p < 0.05) ammonium N content was recorded in sandy than sandy loam soil during the incubation duration while exchangeable K was increased in K-deficient sandy soil. Cumulative total mineralized N (TMN) measured during the incubation duration ranged from 59 mg kg^?1 to 672 mg kg^?1 depending on compost type and soil texture while a 10-fold increase in compost FMs content resulted in 144% and 139% increases in cumulative mineralized K in sandy and sandy loam textured soil, respectively. Percent N mineralized from the composts relative to the amount applied during the incubation duration was less than 54% reflecting the composts and soils inherent characteristics. The high ammonium N and K mineralized suggests that farmers must be cautious in utilizing these composts for field crops production due to the potential environmental risks.     

适量砒砂岩改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性

该文研究了不同砒砂岩改良风沙土模式下的土壤入渗特征、饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,分析了不同模型对砒砂岩改良风沙土水分特征曲线的适用性和不同改良模式的土壤水力学特征,以期为评价砒砂岩改良风沙土水力学特性以及筛选合理改良模式提供科学依据。结果表明:砒砂岩可以有效降低风沙土的入渗率和饱和导水率,增加风沙土的饱和含水量和滞留含水量,增强风沙土的持水能力。VGM(m,n)模型可以拟合砒砂岩改良风沙土土壤水分特征曲线。同一改良模式下,土壤的入渗率、饱和导水率和饱和含水量随容重增大呈减小趋势;容积含水量在低吸力段随容重增大逐渐减小,在中高吸力段逐渐增大。砒砂岩和风沙土以25∶75比例混合的复配模式,可以有效改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性,可在实践中推广。     

Size Characterization by Laser Granulometry of Colloids Extracted from Compost at Different Temperatures

The objective of this work was to characterize colloids extracted from composts and their potential retention in soils. Compost made of sludge and green wastes was sampled (i) during the fermentation phase and (ii) after maturation. The same kind of compost was used in a long-term field experiment at Feucherolles (France), near Paris where amended and nonamended soils were sampled. The colloidal fraction was extracted from composts in water at room temperature (20°C) and compared to the colloidal fraction extracted from the soil. Composts were also extracted by pressurized hot liquid water at 50, 125 and 175°C. The total organic carbon of the extracts was measured and the particle size distribution (PSD) of colloidal extracts was analyzed by laser granulometry. The diameters of the colloids extracted from the soil ranged between 0.040 and 0.300 μm, independently of the temperature. For composts, it varied from 0.040 to 3.200 μm when extraction was done at 20°C, while at higher temperatures, much more organic matter was extracted, and colloid diameters ranged from 0.040 μm to 0.200 μm. The water-soluble C decreased and the size of colloids recovered in water at temperatures below 50°C increased when compost maturity increased. The adsorption on soils of colloidal particles extracted from composts was characterized. The largest adsorption (up to 30% of the initial soluble C) occurred with the extracts recovered at high temperature, in relation to the more hydrophobic properties of the colloids extracted with hot water maintained in subcritical conditions. After adsorption, the particle size distribution in the colloidal fraction extracted at 20°C moved towards finer fractions; by contrast, the colloidal fraction extracted at 175°C moved towards coarser fractions. The coarsest colloids coming from the soil disappeared during the adsorption experiment, probably because of the coprecipitation with the finest colloids coming from compost.     

根据土壤水分特征曲线推求土壤的导水参数

本文中描述了土壤水分特征曲线的一个相对简单的幂函数方程.当把这一方程代入Burdine或Mualem的预报土壤导水率的模式后,可以得到相对导水率的分析解.相对导水率的表达式中仅包含一个参数,该参数用实验资料拟合水分特征曲线模型而得到.并结合特征曲线方程,给出了土壤水分扩散率的表达式.从Burdine和Mualem模式获得分析解的结果,与具有较宽范围导水性质的四种土壤的导水参数实测资料进行了比较.非饱和土壤导水率的预报结果良好;土壤水分扩散率的预报结果对其中三种土壤良好.