Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

整合分析中国农田腐秆剂施用对秸秆腐解和作物产量的影响

【目的】农田中施用腐秆剂能否有效地促进秸秆腐解和养分释放,进而提高作物产量一直存在争议。在全国尺度上,整合分析腐秆剂田间施用的秸秆促腐和作物增产效果,探明不同气候和土壤状况、秸秆特征以及还田条件下腐秆剂施用对还田秸秆降解和作物产量的影响,为科学合理地使用腐秆剂提供指导。【方法】 本研究利用整合分析的方法（meta-analysis）,系统分析了2001—2019年公开发表的腐秆剂田间应用相关研究论文（共89篇,含腐秆剂促腐秸秆数据63条、腐秆剂提高作物产量数据207条）,探讨了气候类型、还田条件、秸秆种类、还田初始碳氮比（C/N）、土壤pH和土壤有机质（SOM）含量等6方面因素对腐秆剂促腐和增产作用的影响。【结果】 研究发现,与不施腐秆剂相比,施用腐秆剂总体上可有效促进还田秸秆的降解,但在温带大陆性气候地区,秸秆还田初始C/N≤15以及土壤为中性时,腐秆剂的促腐效应却不显著,效应值的范围分别为-0.010-0.716、-0.302-0.568和-1.01-0.475;还田条件、秸秆种类和SOM含量会显著影响腐秆剂的促腐作用强度。类似地,腐秆剂的田间施用对作物产量的作用总体也表现为显著提升,但在土壤为中性时腐秆剂的增产作用并不稳定,其效应值范围为-0.284—0.751;除了还田环境、SOM含量外,其余4方面因素均会显著改变腐秆剂的增产幅度。此外,线性拟合结果显示秸秆促腐率与作物增产率之间呈现显著正相关关系（R²=0.307,P<0.0001）。【结论】 施用腐秆剂可有效促进秸秆腐解和增加作物产量,且在温带季风性气候条件下,将玉米秸秆于旱地条件下还田,在还田初始C/N大于30以及土壤呈酸或碱性时配施腐秆剂效果最佳。     

Obsidian hydration profiles measured by sputter-induced optical emission

The variation of concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, and aluminum as a function of depth in the hydration layer of obsidian artifacts has been determined by sputter-induced optical emission. The surface hydration is accompanied by dealkalization, and there is a buildup of alkaline earths, calcium and magnesium in the outermost layers. These results have clarified the phenomena underlying the obsidian hydration dating technique.