鸡尿酸盐沉积临床病理学实验研究

将２５６只３５日龄迪卡鸡随机分为对照、高蛋白Ⅰ、高蛋白Ⅱ、高钙和肾衰组，通过人工复制尿酸盐沉积病例，对禽痛风进行临床病理学研究。结果：（１）正常鸡血浆中约有０．１０７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的尿酸与大分子（蛋白质）结合，当血浆尿酸浓度升高时，结合尿酸的浓度不变，游离尿酸水平升高；（２）高蛋白饲料使饮水增多，血浆尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），而肾脏菊糖清除率与对照组（３．２７２μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ－１）差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），剖检未见痛风病变；（３）日粮高钙使采食量下降，增重降低，血浆钙、尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），肾菊糖清除率（２．７０９μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ－１）与对照组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但死亡鸡中３／１１见肾和输尿管内有较多尿酸盐沉积；（４）肾脏损害使血浆尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｎａ＋、总蛋白降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），肾菊糖清除率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），死亡鸡中１９／２７有明显肾脏肿大、肾和输尿管内沉积大量尿酸盐。     

一株野鸟源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的全基因组序列分析及致病性研究

为进一步了解2014年分离自我国南方野鸟粪便中的一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)Wide Bird/Hu N/SC1400/2014(H9N2)(WB/400/14)的生物学特性,本研究对其进行全基因组序列测定、进化分析及SPF鸡、SPF鸭和BALB/c小鼠的感染性试验。序列分析显示:该分离株的HA裂解位点基序为333PAASDR↓GL340,其中不存在多个连续的碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒(LPAIV)氨基酸序列特征。该分离株不同基因片段来源较复杂,分别与H9、H6、H4、H1、H11、H10、H3等多种亚型的LPAIV同源性较高,呈现明显的多样性。感染性试验显示,WB/400/14不能够在SPF鸡和小鼠体内有效复制,但病毒感染SPF鸭后能够在部分脏器中检测到病毒的存在,并且感染鸭能通够过咽喉和泄殖腔同时向外排毒,而同居感染鸭仅通过泄殖腔向外排毒,表明分离株在SPF鸭群中具有良好的水平传播能力。本研究为AIV的监测和防控提供实验依据。     

Detection of monoclonal integration of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA as a malignant marker in two enzootic bovine leukosis cases with difficult clinical diagnosis

Monoclonal integration of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral DNA into bovine genomes was detected in peripheral blood from two clinical cases of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) without enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. A BLV-specific probe hybridized with 1 to 3 EcoRI and HindIII fragments in these 2 atypical EBL cattle by Southern blotting and hybridization, as well as in 3 typical EBL cattle. The probe also hybridized to a large number of EcoRI and HindIII fragments in 5 cattle with persistent leukosis. These results suggest that the detection of monoclonal integration of BLV provirus into the host genome may serve as a marker of monoclonal proliferation and malignancy in difficult to diagnose EBL cattle.     

Pathogenicity of a Strain of H5N6 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus in Ducks and Mice

To investigate the pathogenicity of A/Hero/Guangdong/C1/2013(H5N6), an AIV strain isolated from Heron on ducks and mice, pathogenicity of this new virus strain and changing of histopathology as well as a preliminary study on its biological characteristics were studied by virus challenges test via intranasal and eye-drop and in chicken via jugular vein injection.Results showed that the EID₅₀ of this strain of virus was 10^-8.16/0.1 mL in embryonated chicken eggs and the intravenous inoculation of pathogenic index (IVPI) was 2.76.In ducks and mice, the 50% lethal doses (LD₅₀) of it were determined to be 10^-4.0/0.2 mL and 10^-4.67/0.05 mL, respectively.Symptoms of infection included loss of appetite, depression, swollen head and tears after being infected with 10⁶ EID₅₀ per duck by intranasal and eye-drop administration.Most of ducks died 4 to 7 days post-infection, liver, lung and kidney still eliminated toxicants at day 7 post-infection.Anatomy showed symptoms of pericardial effusion, pulmonary congestion and kidney enlargement, while pathological section showed pathological change like karyopycnosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in heart, liver, kidney and spleen.Mice developed symptoms of infection like loss of appetite, depression, shaggy coat and ruffled coat after being infected with 5×10⁵ EID₅₀ per mouse by intranasal and eye-drop administration.Most of the infected mice died 5 to 7 days post-infection and only liver still eliminated toxicants at day 7 post-infection.Although organ anatomy showed no obvious pathological changes, pathological section showed pathological changes like karyopycnosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in heart, kidney and lung.Our research demonstrated that this H5N6 subtype AIV had a strong pathogenicity and could be defined as a highly pathogenic AIV strain as its IVPI was greater than 1.2.Our work laid a theory foundation for study, prevention and control of H5N6 subtype AIV.     

Isolation and Identification of one Strain of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus and Study on its Biological Characteristics

In 2013,one case of suspected H9 subtype avian influenza occurred in a chicken farm of Jilin povince.Clinical samples were collected from the diseased farm,inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 9-day-old SPF chicken embryo,and then one strain of virus was isolated.The results of HA test,HI test and molecular biology test all showed that the isolate belonged to H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV).The HA cleavage site of the isolate was RSSR↓GLF,which was consisted with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV.The HA peptide chain had 9 potential glycosylation sites which were same as other isolates of recent years.The isolate had 8 receptor binding sites,including 234 receptor binding site by glutamine (Q) mutating into threonine (T).The phylogenetic tree revealed the isolate belonged to Eurasian lineages and it had far genetic relationship with the earliest domestic isolate (A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)),but had close genetic relationship with the representative strain (A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)) of major epidemic branch since 2007.We prepared an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine of the isolate,and then vaccinated SPF chicken.21 days after vaccination,the HI titer of chicken serum antibody reached up to 10log2.The result suggested the isolate had good immunogenicity.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of N and M Genes of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Guangxi Strain

To investigate genetic variation of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Guangxi province,one strain of IBV was isolated from chicken.Two pairs of primers for amplifying the N and M genes of IBV were designed according to the sequences in GenBank.The N and M genes of the strain were amplified by RT-PCR,and they were proved to be the N and M genes of IBV by cloning,sequencing and compared with reference IBV strains published in GenBank.The results showed that the N gene from the IBV isolate consisted of 1 230 bp,coding 409 amino acids.The M gene from the IBV isolate consisted of 678 bp,coding 225 amino acids.The sequence analysis of N gene showed that it shared 87.2% to 93.3% nucleotide homologies and 90.0% to 94.4% deduced amino acid sequence homologies with IBV strains from GenBank.The M gene sequence analysis showed that it shared 83.6% to 91.0% nucleotide homologies and 82.7% to 92.9% deduced amino acid sequence homologies.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that it was closely related to BJ and LX4 strains,and were clustered into one group;But with the distant relatives from other strains of IBV.These results suggested that the isolate was a new variant of IBV.     

Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak Investigation: Application of the FAO‐OIE‐WHO Four‐way Linking Framework in Indonesia

WHO, FAO and OIE developed a ‘four‐way linking’ framework to enhance the cross‐sectoral sharing of epidemiological and virological information in responding to zoonotic disease outbreaks. In Indonesia, outbreak response challenges include completeness of data shared between human and animal health authorities. The four‐way linking framework (human health laboratory/epidemiology and animal health laboratory/epidemiology) was applied in the investigation of the 193rd human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. As recommended by the framework, outbreak investigation and risk assessment findings were shared. On 18 June 2013, a hospital in West Java Province reported a suspect H5N1 case in a 2‐year‐old male. The case was laboratory‐confirmed that evening, and the information was immediately shared with the Ministry of Agriculture. The human health epidemiology/laboratory team investigated the outbreak and conducted an initial risk assessment on 19 June. The likelihood of secondary cases was deemed low as none of the case contacts were sick. By 3 July, no secondary cases associated with the outbreak were identified. The animal health epidemiology/laboratory investigation was conducted on 19–25 June and found that a live bird market visited by the case was positive for H5N1 virus. Once both human and market virus isolates were sequenced, a second risk assessment was conducted jointly by the human health and animal health epidemiology/laboratory teams. This assessment concluded that the likelihood of additional human cases associated with this outbreak was low but that future sporadic human infections could not be ruled out because of challenges in controlling H5N1 virus contamination in markets. Findings from the outbreak investigation and risk assessments were shared with stakeholders at both Ministries. The four‐way linking framework clarified the type of data to be shared. Both human health and animal health teams made ample data available, and there was cooperation to achieve risk assessment objectives.     

组氨酸激酶基因envZ调控禽致病性大肠埃希菌生物被膜的机制研究

目的 研究双组分系统ompR/envZ中的组氨酸激酶基因envZ对禽致病性大肠埃希菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)生物被膜形成能力的影响,了解该双组分系统在APEC中对生物被膜的调控机制,为探索生物被膜影响禽致病性大埃希菌耐药性的途径提供参考。方法 采用Red同源重组的方法构建envZ基因缺失株,比较野生株和envZ基因缺失株生长特性、生物被膜形成能力的差异。利用转录组学方法分析envZ在转录调控网络中对其生物被膜形成相关基因的调控机制。结果 成功构建envZ基因缺失株AE17ΔenvZ;envZ基因缺失对APEC的生长速度无明显影响,但使APEC生物被膜的成膜能力减弱。与野生株AE17相比,envZ基因缺失株有711个基因发生差异表达,与生物被膜形成相关的基因显著下调。结论 envZ基因除了响应环境渗透压,还参与调控APEC生物被膜的形成。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母多拷贝整合表达组装禽流感病毒样颗粒

【目的】构建多拷贝整合表达禽流感病毒样颗粒的重组巴斯德毕赤酵母,为H5N1亚型禽流感基因工程疫苗提供基础。【方法】以巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115株18S rRNA基因(rDNA)部分序列,插入pPIC9K载体上XbaⅠ和Bsp1407Ⅰ位点间,构建多拷贝整合表达质粒p8K。再以禽流感病毒H5N1毒株基因组RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增HA、M和NA基因,分别插入多拷贝载体p8K,构建表达质粒 p8K-HA/M/NA。表达质粒分别扩增后线性化,按比例混合,电转化GS115感受态细胞。增菌后,经遗传霉素G418抗性平板筛选、PCR鉴定携带HA、M和NA基因序列的多拷贝整合菌株。阳性菌株增菌、诱导表达、高压均质破碎后,Western-blot检测表达产物。【结果】PCR鉴定阳性的重组菌株,其细胞裂解蛋白,免疫印迹试验可检测到与HA、M₁和NA分子量一致的蛋白条带;电子显微镜可观察到大小约为80~120 nm 的病毒样颗粒,免疫鸡能产生抗禽流感病毒中和抗体。【结论】重组毕赤酵母能够多拷贝整合、表达、组装禽流感病毒样颗粒。     

环境低温对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染小鼠致病性的影响

旨在分析环境低温对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染小鼠致病性的影响。选用120只6~8周龄,雄性SPF BALB/c小鼠,随机分为4组:无感染常温组(PBS处理,(20±2)℃)、无感染低温组(PBS处理,(10±2)℃)、H9N2病毒感染常温组(H9N2处理,(20±2)℃)、H9N2病毒感染低温组(H9N2处理,(10±2)℃)。在感染后观察感染小鼠发病14 d内的临床症状、存活率,肺脏病变程度、肺部细胞因子含量的动态变化以及肺脏病毒载量。结果表明:1)与H9N2病毒感染常温组小鼠相比,环境低温处理的H9N2病毒感染小鼠临床症状明显加重,其中体重明显降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),存活率由95%降为67%,肺水肿程度和肺组织病变程度更加严重;2)H9N2病毒感染低温组与H9N2病毒感染常温组相比,肺脏TNF-a和IL-1β含量无显著差异,但均显著高于2个无感染组(P<0.01);3)H9N2病毒感染低温组与H9N2病毒感染常温组相比,肺组织病毒载量显著增加(P<0.01)。综上,环境低温明显增加了H9N2亚型流感病毒对小鼠的致病性,为进一步揭示环境低温与流感病毒感染之间的关系,以及采取有效的预防措施提供数据基础。