超高产大豆砧木对不同年代育成品种农艺性状的影响

以超高产大豆品种为砧木嫁接不同年代育成品种,旨在明确超高产品种砧木对农艺性状的影响,从而揭示根系改良在大豆育种中的重要作用。以来自相同的祖先亲本(Williams和Amsoy)且地理纬度相同的美国俄亥俄州和中国辽宁省不同年代育成的代表性大豆品种为接穗,分别与超高产大豆品种辽豆14和中黄35进行嫁接,成熟期测定植株农艺性状。结果表明:嫁接处理对大豆品种的农艺性状存在显著影响。自身嫁接的植株与不嫁接植株相比,其农艺性状没有显著变化。与品种自身作砧木的植株相比,嫁接到超高产品种辽豆14或中黄35砧木上时,不同年代育成品种的株高、主茎节数、分枝数等性状没有显著变化,但单株荚数、百粒重、粒茎比和单株粒重会显著提高。其中,与品种自身作砧木的植株相比,嫁接到超高产品种砧木上,共同亲本、俄亥俄中期、辽宁中期、俄亥俄当代、辽宁当代的大豆品种单株产量分别提高了4.5%、6.9%、9.4%、15.7%、19.9%。由此说明,根系改良会带来大豆品种产量的大幅度提高。     

峨眉山野生茶树资源农艺性状多样性分析

为挖掘峨眉山野生茶树和群体种中的优良资源,利用因子分析、聚类分析和感官审评等方法,对峨眉山40份野生茶树种质资源农艺性状进行遗传多样性分析和资源评价。结果表明,峨眉山茶树种质资源丰富,且多以灌木型为主;18个芽叶形态性状的变异系数为7.70%~60.99%,变异系数最大的性状是芽叶色泽(60.99%)。因子分析表明,18个芽叶形态性状综合为6个公因子,前6个公因子的特征值大于1且累计贡献率达80.74%,主要代表性指标为叶片大小、叶片锯齿和叶面特征等。聚类分析将研究材料分为5个大的类群,显示了复杂的亲缘关系和丰富的遗传多样性。适制性研究表明,初步筛选的11份种质资源制绿茶适制性较好,感官审评总分在92分以上,大体表现为香气鲜香带花香、清香高长带花香或栗香浓郁带花香,滋味鲜爽、鲜甜或鲜浓醇。     

Quantitative trait loci for fruit size and flowering time-related traits under domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

In cucumber, the genetic basis of traits under domestication and/or diversifying selection is not well understood. Here, we reported QTL mapping for flowering time and fruit size-related traits with segregating populations derived from a cultivated × wild cross. Phenotypic data of flowering time (FT), fruit size (FS), fruit number (FN) and fruit weight per plant (FW) were collected in multiple environments. QTL analysis identified 19 QTL for these traits. We found that the major-effect QTL FT1.1 played an important role in regulating flowering time in cultivated cucumber, whereas the minor-effect QTL FT6.3 contributed to photoperiod sensitive flowering time during domestication. Two novel consensus FS QTL, FS1.4 and FS2.3, seem to be the targets of selection during breeding for the US processing cucumber. All other FS QTL were co-localized with previously detected QTL using populations derived from cultivated cucumbers, suggesting that they were under selection during both initial domestication and subsequent improvement. Results from this study also suggested that the wild cucumber is a useful resource for capturing positive transgressive segregation and novel alleles that could be explored in cucumber breeding.     

辣椒重要农艺性状关联分析与优异等位变异发掘

为了发掘辣椒株高、始花节位、单果质量、果纵径、果横径、果形指数和果肉厚度等重要农艺性状的关联位点和优异等位变异,本研究以194份辣椒核心种质为试验材料,利用广义线性模型(GLM)和混合线性模型(MLM)两种方法,基于分布于辣椒12条染色体的58个SSR标记,对上述7个农艺性状开展了关联分析。结果表明,GLM方法检测到20个SSR关联位点,解释的表型变异率为2.09%~21.91%;MLM方法检测出17个SSR关联位点,能解释2.07%~7.24%的表型变异;有12个位点被两种方法同时检测到;基于关联位点各等位变异的表型效应,发掘出TC7268Sa、CAMS-327a、HpmsE132a、ge35-141pmH0135Ca、CAMS-454c和Hpms2-24a等优异等位变异,筛选出B003、B010、B015、B020、B022、B042、B048、B052、B097、B111、B134、B138、B166、B178、B351、B352、C005、C014、V06C0007、V06C0295、V06C1082、V06C1088、V06C1187、V06C1321、V06C1600、V06C1707、V06C1719和V06C1898等28份优良农艺性状典型种质材料。本研究结果为辣椒相关农艺性状优异基因的发掘、分子标记辅助选择与聚合育种提供了理论指导和材料基础。     

茶多酚高通量检测技术研究进展

茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。     

黄淮和长江中下游冬麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状及其聚类分析

气候变暖对我国乃至世界小麦育种和生产有很大影响。为了研究我国不同生态麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状适应气候变化调控机理,本研究以黄淮冬麦区北片和南片及长江中下游冬麦区的20个当前大面积推的小麦品种、新审定品种和新选育品系为试验材料,在黄淮冬麦区北片河北省石家庄市种植,在返青期前对其抗旱抗冻性、根冠比和叶片干重与鲜重比进行调查;收获后对株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株生物量、单株粒重、经济系数等10个农艺性状进行了考种和相关、聚类和主成分分析。结果表明,不同麦区小麦品种(系)苗期的抗旱抗冻性为黄淮冬麦区北片黄淮冬麦区南片长江中下游冬麦区。三大生态麦区的单株粒重与分蘖数、穗粒数、单株生物量、经济系数均呈极显著正相关,黄淮冬麦区南片和长江中下游冬麦区呈显著和极显著的农艺性状相对较多,说明这两个生态麦区的品种有很大的相似性;但不同生态麦区其他农艺性状正负相关各有一定差异。在欧氏距离20处,20个小麦品种(系)被聚类为长江中下游冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区南片品种(系)(第Ⅰ类)及黄淮冬麦区北片品种(系)(第Ⅱ类)两个大的生态型;在欧氏距离6处,Ⅰ类又分为分别以‘百农207’‘济麦22’和‘西农979’为代表的3个亚类,Ⅱ类是以‘长旱58’为代表。产量、穗长、株高和经济系数4个主成分因子对10个农艺性状表现型变异累计贡献率为76.39%。‘济麦22’等黄淮冬麦区北片的品种(系)综合得分在前20株中占95%。以上研究结果为小麦适应气候变暖育种和引种示范推广提供了重要参考信息。     

云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型多样性分析

为了系统分析云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型遗传多样性。采用遗传多样性指数、主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析对104份云南籽粒苋种质资源的30个表型性状进行研究。结果表明,遗传多样性指数最高的质量性状和数量性状分别是主花序形状(1.68)和主花序长度(2.07)。前10个主成分累计贡献率达到73.944%,单株鲜体重与第3、第6、第9主成分极显著正相关,单株粒重与第9主成分极显著正相关。聚类分析将104份种质划分为5类,第Ⅰ类群可为间套种亲本材料,第Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群可为大粒亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可为优质饲用亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可为观赏类亲本材料。云南籽粒苋种质资源表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,有较大的开发利用潜力。     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

Collembola in ecotoxicology—Any news or just boring routine?

Despite the uncontested significance of soils for human nutrition and drinking water quality, the majority of ecotoxicological testing is confined to aquatic test systems. Among the standardised tests for soils, the reproduction test with the springtail Folsomia candida is among the most widely used ones. First steps towards its standardisation were undertaken in the late 1980s. Here we review major advances that have been made since then, with respect to mechanistic, pragmatic and ecological aspects. Specifically we address the ecological relevance of any modifications of the standardised tests. We introduce a miniaturised version of the reproduction test which allows reducing the amount of soil per test unit to one third and the number of synchronised individuals to 40% as compared to the standard test. In addition, we developed an assay using Collembola eggs instead of synchronised adults. First results of a three-species test indicate that the presence of other species may affect choice behaviour. We point out a potential biased view of existing ecotoxicological data with Collembola due to the fact that most results refer to metal contamination. Finally, recommendations for future research are given, with special reference to avoidance and microcosm tests involving Collembola.