Using a fermented mixture of soybean meal and earthworm meal to replace fish meal in the diet of white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of a Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented mixture (FSFEM) containing soybean meal (SBM) and Eisenia fetida earthworm meal (EM) at a ratio of 4:1 to increase the methionine level in order to satisfy the methionine requirement of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in a diet with fish meal (FM) completely replaced by mixtures. B. subtilis E20 fermentation improved the mixture's palatability and utilization based on better growth performance in comparison to shrimp fed FSEM (contains fermented SBM and EM at a ratio of 4:1) diets. FSFEM is a good substitute for FM. Maximal replacement levels of FM with FSFEM were 80% in a shrimp diet with 37% of crude protein and 7% of crude lipid based on weight gain and 100% based on feeding efficiency. In addition, shrimp fed experimental diets had no significant differences in survival after being challenged by Vibrio alginolyticus. It is suggested that B. subtilis E20‐FSFEM has the potential to replace FM in cultured shrimp diets.     

填料碳种类对蚯蚓生物工程床净化畜禽养殖污水的影响

蚯蚓对不同种类填料碳的分解转化特征各异,继而影响蚯蚓生物工程床净化养殖污水的效果。为明确填料碳种类对净化畜禽养殖污水的影响特征,以水稻秸秆和水稻秸秆生物炭为生物工程床碳源填料,采用间隙式布料方式,连续22 d监测进水和出水水质。结果表明:秸秆填料的生物工程床对畜禽养殖污水特征污染物平均削减量分别为硝态氮67.2%,氨氮81.4%,总氮79.5%,磷酸盐29.9%,总磷35.2%,COD 21.4%,EC值77.8%;秸秆填料的生物工程床中添加蚯蚓后改变了特征污染物削减量,提升平均削减量分别为氨氮11.1%、总氮10.4%、磷酸盐17.8%、总磷73.9%和COD 27.3%,降低平均削减量分别为硝态氮10.3%和EC值3.4%;生物炭填料的生物工程床对畜禽养殖污水特征污染物平均削减量分别为硝态氮36.8%,氨氮86.2%,总氮53.4%,磷酸盐21.2%,总磷33.3%,COD 33.3%和EC值51.7%;生物碳填料的生物工程床添加蚯蚓后改变特征污染物削减量,削减量平均提升分别为硝态氮0.4%、氨氮1.4%、总氮10.6%、磷酸盐26.0%、总磷29.5%、COD 39.2%和EC值0.7%。秸秆填料和生物炭填料的生物工程床对出水p H值增加量平均为3.1%和7.7%,添加蚯蚓后出水p H值下降,平均下降率为0.1%和7.7%。总之,填料碳种类和蚯蚓活动显著影响生物工程床净化养殖污水的效果,秸秆填料有利于畜禽养殖污水硝态氮、总氮、磷酸盐、总磷和EC值削减;生物炭填料有利于畜禽养殖污水氨氮和COD削减,并显著增加出水p H值。生物工程床添加蚯蚓后明显提高畜禽养殖污水氨氮、总氮、磷酸盐、总磷和COD的削减,但不利于硝态氮削减。     

不同基质对栝楼苗生长的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究不同基质对栝楼幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓粪处理的栝楼平均株高为34.16cm,平均真叶数为10.42叶,均明显大于接菌种地表、摩西、根内、对照;30%蚯蚓粪含量的培养基质处理栝楼出苗数最多为24,40%,蚯蚓粪培养基质含量的处理栝楼苗平均株高最高为6.16cm.     

设施番茄和黄瓜田土壤中农药残留及其对蚯蚓的急性风险

为评价设施蔬菜田土壤中残留农药对蚯蚓的急性危害风险,在山东省济阳县蔬菜基地,分别选择番茄和黄瓜连作种植区,于产中、产后及后茬产中三个时期采集耕层土壤,应用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法评估土样中噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、多菌灵、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、噻唑膦、甲基异柳磷、克百威和三羟基克百威的残留,并通过风险商值法评价其对蚯蚓的急性风险。结果表明:在39个设施番茄土壤中,噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和吡虫啉的检出率(检出浓度均值)均较高,分别为90%(0.107 mg·kg~(-1)dw)、79%(0.100 mg·kg~(-1)dw)和49%(0.233 mg·kg~(-1)dw);在30个设施黄瓜土壤中,噻虫嗪(63%,1.18 mg·kg~(-1)dw)和吡虫啉(57%,0.126 mg·kg~(-1)dw)的检出率和检出浓度均值均较高。在95%的番茄土样及97%的黄瓜土样中,目标农药对蚯蚓的急性风险商值小于1。在3例土壤中发现风险商值大于1,包括2例吡虫啉和1例噻虫胺,应用风险商值逆推,吡虫啉和噻虫胺对蚯蚓的土壤安全阈值分别为1.07和0.593 mg·kg~(-1)dw。研究表明,所调查区域设施蔬菜土壤中目标农药对蚯蚓的急性风险总体较低,对于高风险农药应监测其土壤残留浓度,确保低于安全阈值。     

Responses of Saline Soil Properties and Cotton Growth to Different Organic Amendments

Application of organic waste to saline alkaline soils is considered to be a good practice for soil remediation. The effects of applying different organic amendments (e.g., cattle dung, vermicompost, biofertilizer) and earthworm inoculations (Eisenia fetida) on saline soils and cotton growth were investigated during 1 year of cotton cultivation. Compared to the control (applied with inorganic NPK fertilizer), applying organic amendments improved soil physicochemical properties. Biofertilizer application improved available nutrient content, reduced short-term soil electrical conductivity, and produced the highest cotton yield, whereas cattle dung and vermicompost applications resulted in higher soil organic matter content. Application of organic amendments significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon during the flowering period, which sharply declined at harvest. This was especially true for the biofertilizer treatment, which also exhibited lower nematode abundance compared with the other organic materials. Earthworm inoculation following cattle dung application failed to significantly change soil physicochemical properties when compared to the treatments without earthworm inoculation. Results suggest that biofertilizer application to saline soil would improve soil nutrient status in the short-term, whereas cattle dung application would improve soil organic matter content and increase soil organism abundance to a greater extent. However, different strategies might be required for long-term saline soil remediation.     

赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响

为研究赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响,本实验通过土壤酶测定法、传统平板计数法以及高通量测序法对自然土壤(S)、乙草胺污染土壤(SA)以及蚯蚓处理乙草胺污染土壤(SAE)的微生物群落进行了分析。研究发现,田间推荐使用剂量的乙草胺(5 mg·kg~(-1))使SA中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性下降,但可提高土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,蚯蚓对受乙草胺抑制的土壤酶活性有提升作用,这种促进作用在实验中期最为明显,培养第14 d时蚯蚓处理组(SAE)过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性相较于SA处理组分别上升了4%、14%和53%。乙草胺对细菌数量的抑制作用主要发生在实验前期(第3 d),对真菌的抑制作用持续到了整个培养周期结束(30 d)。蚯蚓的加入对细菌和真菌数量的恢复都有一定的促进作用,第3 d和第14 d时SAE中细菌和真菌数量分别增加35%和39%。SAE处理组土壤的pH相较于SA处理组更接近于中性,可溶性有机碳含量更高,这些性质都为土壤微生物提供了适宜的生长环境,从而促进乙草胺污染土壤中微生物数量和活性的恢复。对不同处理土壤的高通量测序结果表明,在门水平上,乙草胺主要使Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria以及Chytridiomycota丰度下降,而使Acidobacteria和Zygomycota丰度上升。蚯蚓能够改善乙草胺污染土壤中的微生物物种组成情况,使其更接近于未污染状态,以上实验结果说明蚯蚓对乙草胺造成的微生物毒害有修复作用。在属水平上,少数微生物比如Sphingomonas、Fusarium、Gaertneriomyces和Pyrenula等能够受到乙草胺刺激而丰度增加,这些微生物可能参与到了乙草胺的微生物降解过程中。     

常用农药对赤子爱胜蚓急性毒性和抗氧化酶系的影响

为评估农用化学品对蚯蚓的毒性,选择11种常用农药(吡虫啉、噻虫啉、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、克百威、草甘膦、阿特拉津和百草枯)标准品和9种常用农药制剂作为受试物,采用人工土壤法研究其对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性效应,同时还测定了阿维菌素、吡虫啉和噻虫啉14 d暴露后对赤子爱胜蚓体内抗氧化酶(GST、CAT和T-SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,11种常用农药毒性等级从高到低依次为吡虫啉噻虫啉克百威毒死蜱阿特拉津阿维菌素草甘膦吡蚜酮噻嗪酮高效氯氰菊酯和百草枯,其中吡虫啉、噻虫啉和克百威对赤子爱胜蚓为中毒,其余为低毒。制剂毒性试验结果表明,相对其活性成分,部分农药制剂对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性有所增强。此外,0.1 mg a.i.·kg~(-1)的噻虫啉14 d暴露能显著抑制蚯蚓体内CAT活性,而同样浓度下T-SOD活性显著性上升;0.25 mg a.i.·kg~(-1)的阿维菌素暴露14 d则能显著促进蚯蚓GST活性;阿维菌素、吡虫啉和噻虫啉分别在0.5、0.1、0.5 mg a.i.·kg~(-1)的暴露水平,可以诱导蚯蚓MDA含量出现显著性变化。研究表明农药的大量不合理施用会对土壤生物产生不利影响并因此干扰土壤正常的生态功能。     

叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸肥对黄瓜品质的影响

[目的]分析叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸液肥对黄瓜品质的影响,为蚯蚓氨基酸肥在蔬菜上推广应用提供参考依据.[方法]设H1(喷施0.3%KH2PO4)、H2(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H3(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H4(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸300倍液+0.3%KH2PO4)、H5(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液)、H6(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍液)、H7(喷施蚯蚓氨基酸300倍液)及清水对照(CK)处理,在黄瓜挂果期进行叶面喷施,采收时测定各处理黄瓜果实的维生素C(Vc)、蛋白质、可溶性还原糖、有机酸、硝酸盐含量及糖酸比.[结果]与CK相比,采收时H2、H3和H6处理黄瓜的Vc含量分别显著增加40.0%、53.5%和38.0%(P<0.05,下同);H2、H3、H4、H6和H7处理的硝酸盐含量显著降低55.2%、85.3%、67.5%、31.6%和49.6%;H3处理的蛋白质含量显著增加31.2%;各施肥处理的可溶性还原糖含量均降低,其中H4、H5和H6处理显著低于CK;H2和H3处理的有机酸含量分别显著降低14.2%和22.8%,H5、H6和H7处理分别显著降低39.1%、44.8%和36.8%;分别与H5、H6和H7处理相比,H2、H3和H4处理黄瓜的Vc含量增加,糖酸比降低,有机酸含量较高且差异显著,硝酸盐含量显著降低60.8%、78.5%和35.5%.[结论]在黄瓜挂果期喷施适当浓度的蚯蚓氨基酸液肥有利于整体提升黄瓜果实品质,其中喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500倍+0.3%KH2PO4混合液的效果最佳.     

镉胁迫对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)氧化应激反应影响

蚯蚓受重金属胁迫时,体内立即产生氧化应激反应,确定胁迫过程氧化应激主要指标对污染监测尤为重要。将胁迫试验分短期和长期试验两组,前者试验周期为10 d,每天取1条蚯蚓;后者试验周期为30 d,每10 d取1条蚯蚓。每组均设定Cd~(2+)浓度梯度50、100、125、250和500 mg·kg~(-1)重金属胁迫溶液,选择蚯蚓环带后尾部测定体内SOD、POD、GPX、GST、CAT、VE、MDA和ACh E。结果表明,短期试验组,反映蚯蚓体内氧化应激主要指标为CAT、SOD和POD。在长期试验中,反映蚯蚓体内氧化应激主要指标为GPX和MDA。     

Management of Cassava Starch Factory Solid Waste (Thippi) through Composting to a Nutrient-Rich Organic Manure

In India, cassava cultivation is confined in South India. In Tamil Nadu, tubers are used as raw material for starch and sago industry. About 8–10 large-scale starch factories and 150–200 small-scale starch and sago production units are generating nearly 40–60 tonnes of solid waste (thippi) per annum creating serious environmental pollution. A study undertaken to manage it through composting to a nutrient-rich organic manure revealed thippi as acidic with low major and micronutrient concentration, high water-holding capacity, good porosity, low bulk density, high starch, fiber, low protein, and cyanide. Composting of thippi with different combinations of raw materials, microbial cultures, and earthworms indicated that thippi enriched with gliricida and cassava leaves and composted with earthworm had the highest nutrient concentration with narrow carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. The mean concentrations of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in thippi compost were 1.32, 3.82, 0.40, 2.18, 0.96, 1.11, 0.08%, 11.23, and 89.93 mg/kg, respectively, which is 3.5, 49,7, 32.5, 8, 185, 100, 2.5, and 12 times than thippi. Thippi compost had low bulk density, starch, without fiber and cyanide but high protein suggesting this protocol as a possible alternative for the management of thippi.