高通量测序分析蚕豆种子内生细菌的多样性

为了分析蚕豆种子内生细菌的多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,从日本大白皮（S18P23.1、 S18P23.2）和启豆2号（S18P24.1、S18P24.2）的种子获得16S RNA V3～V4区有效序列133 855条。将高于97％相似度的序列划分为一个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic unit, OTU）,优化后得到1 598个OTUs。内生细菌种群分析结果表明,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,丰度为30%～33%）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria, 23%～25%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes, 23%～25%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria, 5%～7%）为两个蚕豆品种共有的优势菌门,但属水平的优势菌群在供试蚕豆种子中均有差异。这些结果表明,蚕豆种子具有丰富的内生细菌资源,含有多种具有益功能性状的细菌类群,值得进一步跟踪研究这些益生菌在蚕豆种植到土壤后的变化规律;启豆2号种子中益生菌的种类和丰度高于日本大白皮,值得进一步分离和研究这些益生菌的益生或促生特性,筛选获得在食品和生物肥料等领域有应用潜力的菌株。     

丽水市鲜食蚕豆品比试验

从江苏沿江地区农科所引进4个品种分别在当地主产区和试验基地进行种植。结果表明：大棚种植能明显提早上市时间;通蚕6号适应性较好,蚕豆在露地及大棚中种植均表现优异,值得在当地大面积推广。03010单株性状表现较好,还需进一步试验。     

普通菜籽粕(饼)的发酵处理及其应用

本文简要综述了普通菜籽粕(饼)的营养特性、质量标准和饲用价值,介绍了菜籽粕(饼)的发酵技术及其产品质量标准,并列出了发酵菜籽粕(饼)在生猪日粮中的用量和相应配方。     

玉米蛋白粉与豆粕在反刍动物瘤胃内降解动力学评定分析

对玉米蛋白粉(CGM)及豆粕(SBM)的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)及粗蛋白质(CP)在反刍动物瘤胃内的有效降解率及瘤胃降解前后色氨酸(Trp)的质量分数变化进行比较评定。选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的平均体质量28kg的育肥哈萨克公羊作为试验动物,采用尼龙袋技术对2种饲料的DM、OM及CP在育肥羊瘤胃内的有效降解率、瘤胃停留时间及降解前后的Trp质量分数进行测定。结果表明:在瘤胃固相食糜的平均外流速度为1.84%·h-1条件下,豆粕和玉米蛋白粉DM、OM及CP的有效降解率(ED)分别为72.86%、66.16%、55.27%和59.66%、59.19%、48.10%,瘤胃停留时间(RRT)分别为14.75h和21.93h。随着豆粕在瘤胃内培养时间的延长,色氨酸质量分数显著降低(P0.05),玉米蛋白粉的色氨酸在降解前后无明显变化(P0.05)。     

发酵豆粕的营养价值及其在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用

为了研究发酵处理对豆粕营养价值的影响和在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用,将(25±3)日龄,体质量相近,临床健康的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪108头,随机分为3个组,即对照组、试验1组和试验2组,分别饲喂普通豆粕、新鲜发酵豆粕和风干发酵豆粕,每组3个重复,每个重复12头猪,观察发酵豆粕对仔猪生长性能、健康状况、抗氧化性能及免疫功能的影响。结果表明:经过发酵处理后,豆粕中β-伴大豆球蛋白含量、脲酶活性显著降低,蛋白质水解度显著增加;试验前期,饲喂发酵豆粕的断奶仔猪日增质量显著高于对照组,料质量比则显著降低;仔猪血清SOD和GSH活性显著升高,饲喂发酵豆粕能显著提高血清IgG水平,显著降低仔猪腹泻率。总体来看,风干发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪的应用效果与新鲜发酵豆粕相当。     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 42‐day study was conducted where prawns (0.32 g) were fed diets where 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 g (100 g)^?1 of fish meal was replaced by soya bean meal (SBM). Feed intake was not significantly affected by inclusion of SBM, while specific growth rate and conversion efficiency decreased with increasing dietary SBM. Standard metabolic rate was significantly affected by dietary soya bean level, and was the highest in the 75 g (100 g)^?1 SBM group. Carcass dry matter, crude fat and energy value declined with increasing SBM inclusion. SBM, without supplementation of amino acids or other additives, was not suitable as a major protein source in freshwater‐prawn diets.     

Effects of extrusion processing on digestibility of peas, lupins, canola meal and soybean meal in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) diets

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of processing on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of legumes and oilseeds for juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (～49 g). The first experiment evaluated interactive effects of ingredients (lupins or field peas), processing (whole seed; hulls on or hulls off) and extrusion cooking (raw or extruded) on ADCs for juvenile silver perch (～4 g fish^?1). The second experiment was a three‐fixed‐factor anova designed to evaluate interactive effects of ingredients (soybean meal or canola meal), extrusion cooking (raw or extruded) and inclusion content (30% or 50% of the diet) on ADCs for juvenile silver perch (～4 g fish^?1). Lupin protein was more digestible than that of peas (ADC for crude protein 91% vs. 85% for peas) but the organic matter was less digestible (ADC for organic matter 50% vs. 67% for peas). Dehulling lupins significantly improved ADCs for all indices (dry matter, organic matter, energy and crude protein), but extrusion had no effect because lupins do not contain starch or heat‐labile anti‐nutrients. Conversely, for starch‐rich peas that contain heat‐labile trypsin inhibitors, both dehulling and extrusion significantly improved ADCs. Digestibility of soybean meal was much higher than that of canola meal. For soybean meal, neither processing, content nor their interaction affected digestibility but extrusion improved ADCs for dry matter, organic matter and energy but there was an interaction with content. Although higher overall, digestibility for these indices declined with increasing content for extruded product while there were only minor effects of inclusion for raw product. Benefits of extrusion were attributed to reductions in anti‐nutrients, including phytic acid. For canola, there were no interactions between extrusion and content for any ADC. Increasing content reduced ADCs for crude protein, dry matter and organic matter but did not effect energy. Surprisingly, extrusion of canola also reduced digestibility for all ADCs. Dehulling improved both lupins and peas. Crude protein for all ingredients was well digested with ingredients ranked: lupins>soybean meal>peas>canola meal. Energy digestibility was best for soybean meal and worst for lupins. Extrusion greatly improved digestibility of peas and to a lesser extent soybean meal, gave no benefits to lupins and was detrimental for canola.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted in floating cages (1.5 × 1.0 × 2.0 m) to determine the potential use of defatted soybean meal (roasted and solvent‐extracted) as a partial replacement of fishmeal in the isonitrogenous (approximately 450 g kg^?1 CP [crude protein]) diet for juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of about 8.3 g. Diets were formulated to include 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 g kg^?1 (diets D0, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D60, respectively) of fishmeal protein being substituted by defatted soybean meal without methionine supplementation. The results showed that weight gain rate decreased significantly when the replacement level of fishmeal protein was increased from 400 g kg^?1 to 500 g kg^?1, and the D60 diet was the lowest in all groups. These results indicate that up to 400 g kg^?1 of fishmeal protein can be replaced by defatted soybean meal without causing significant reduction in growth. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by the replacement level of fishmeal protein being substituted by defatted soybean meal, when the replacement level of fishmeal protein was 200 g kg^?1 (diet, D20), FCR was the lowest and PER was the highest. There were no significant differences in the moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash content in whole body and muscle, while lipid content in liver increased as the dietary soybean meal replacement levels increased. There were significant differences in haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell, plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different soybean meal replacement levels. Results of this trial indicated that the optimum level of fishmeal protein replacement with defatted soybean meal, determined by quadratic regression analysis was 189.2 g kg^?1, on the basis of maximum weight gain.     

饲料中添加鸡肠粉对鲤抗氧化及部分免疫酶活力的影响

为研究饲料中添加鸡肠粉对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)抗氧化能力和部分免疫酶活力的影响,配制了4组等氮等脂饲料和1组鸡肠粉含量为100％ 的饲料,标记为D1、D2、D3、D4、D5.鸡肠粉添加量分别为0％(D1)、5％(D2)、10％(D3)、15％(D4)和100％(D5).选取初始体重约为57 g的鲤150尾...