Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

鸡Ii结合Rab5a和Rab7b分子的分析

本研究旨在探明鸡恒定链（invariant chain，Ii）与内吞体转运蛋白Rab5a和Rab7b结合的结构域和在细胞内共定位的特征。首先，用PCR和基因突变技术将Ii胞浆区与跨膜区[Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}]、Ii CLIP （class Ⅱ-associated invariant chain peptide）-三聚体区[Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}]和Ii突变体[Ii_{（M81-87aa）}、Ii_{（M91-99aa）}和Ii_{（M81-99aa）}]分别插入pET-32a和pEGFP-C1构建相应的原核和真核重组质粒。其次，将构建的含有绿色荧光蛋白的重组质粒与实验室保存的含有红色荧光Rab5a和Rab7b的重组质粒共转染至人胚胎肾细胞系293 T，观察它们的共定位。将构建的原核重组质粒进行表达和纯化，最后用拉下法和免疫印迹检测Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b的结合域。结果表明，成功构建Ii结构域及Ii突变体的重组质粒。Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}及Ii突变体均能与Rab5a和Rab7b在细胞内共定位，而Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}与空载体却不能。Ii的胞浆区和跨膜区是与Rab5a和Rab7b结合的功能结构域，而不是CLIP与三聚体区。综上所述，鸡Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b共定位和结合的区域是其胞浆区和跨膜区，而不是内质网腔区。这些结果提示Rab分子参与了Ii在胞内细胞器的转运机制，为进一步研究Ii及其载体在细胞内的转运机制和功能提供了新的途径。     

青海省祁连圆柏天然林单木生物量模型构建

利用祁连圆柏整株生物量与生长指标数据，为估算祁连圆柏林的生物量估算提供参考。通过野外调查，共获取了63株祁连圆柏天然林样木生物量与生长指标实测数据。用其中50株样木数据进行回归模拟，用其余的13株样木数据对模型可靠性进行检验，构建器官生物量与生长指标间的回归模型。结果表明，祁连圆柏单木水平下，树干生物量模型的R²_adj为0.96，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.50、0.85和0.05；枝条生物量模型的R²_adj为0.897，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.69、0.80和-0.66；叶生物量模型的R²_adj为0.61，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.54、0.86和0.15；根生物量模型的R²_adj为0.93，均方根、模型有效性和残差系数分别为0.12、0.997 和-0.01。在调查数据范围内构建的模型较好地反映了祁连圆柏生物量与生长指标间的关系，形式简单、使用方便；与实测值相比，树干与叶生物量模拟值偏小，枝和根偏大。     

基于表型多样性构建向日葵核心种质

为鉴定评价我国向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）种质资源在南方地区的表现，筛选构建向日葵核心种质，以422份向日葵种质为材料，在进行2年鉴定观察的基础上，采用描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析等方法对11个表型农艺性状进行分析评价。结果表明，原始群体的这些农艺性状具有较大的变异幅度，其变异系数（CV）为3.60%~83.32%，平均变异系数为20.93%，其中分枝株率（0%~62.5%）、单株粒重（9.70~232.35 g）、百粒重（4.60~14.92 g）、叶片数（14.40~48.38个）和株高（103.75~260.00 cm）变异幅度较大；性状间表现出显著的相关性，主成分分析表明，影响性状的4个主要成分解释了总方差的71.72%。采用QGAstation 2.0软件构建了72组核心种质候选群体，并根据均值差异百分数（MD）、方差差异百分率（VD），极差符合率（CR）和变异系数百分率（VR），获得组获得1组包含84份材料的最佳核心种质群体。聚类分析将84份核心资源分为5大类，与原群体相比，所选核心种质均值无显著差异，方差显著提高，能最大限度代表原始油葵种质资源保存和利用。     

广西地方大豆种质资源的收集与评价鉴定筛选

为了加强广西地方大豆种质资源的全面普查和抢救性收集,了解种质资源的主要特征特性,进一步为广西大豆种质资源创新和新品种选育提供物质基础,于2015-2019年全面普查与收集广西全区域地方大豆种质资源,2018-2019年采用田间比较鉴定、室内考种、品质检测分析等方法,针对9个质量性状和11个农艺性状及品质性状进行评价鉴定.结果 表明:在66个县市共收集到广西地方大豆种质资源382份,其中春大豆45份、夏大豆308份、秋大豆29份.对356份材料的性状分析评价结果显示,该批广西地方大豆种质资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性.9个质量性状的Simpson多样性指数范围为0.1209 ～0.7348,其中荚色、脐色、粒型和种皮色的遗传多样性最丰富;11个农艺和品质性状变异系数范围为3.57％ ～48.50％.筛选出具有粗蛋白含量高、粗脂肪含量高、特大粒及适合加工的优异种质资源黄姚黑豆、马渭秋黄豆、烟墩黄豆1、河池黑豆、朝阳黑大豆、老街黄豆和九月黄等.     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus)的新寄主:水茄(Solanum torvum Swartz)

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a plant virus that is mainly propagated by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent and non-circulative manner.It has a wide range of host plants,and has been reported in many countries,causing serious economic losses in vegetable production.In 2019,we investigated about 10 fields,one ha each in Shouguang,Shandong province (China),and in each field we observed symptoms of interveinal chlorosis on lower leaves of the Solanum torvum Swartz,and a large number of B.tabaci gathered on the back of its leaves.To determine the presence of ToCV,total RNA of S.torvum was extracted followed by RT-PCR.The 1 074 (GenBank accessions number MN545620) and 466 bp (GenBank accessions number MN545621) fragments were gel purified and sequenced.The sequences shared 99.44% and 99.57% similarity with ToCV reference sequence tomato chlorosis virus segment RNA1 (AY903447) and RNA2 (AY903448).The results of insect transmission test confirmed that ToCV can spread from S. torvum to tomato.This study confirms S.torvum as a newly reported host of ToCV.