Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance,fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish in several East Asian countries. However, a little information is available in its nutritional requirements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth, fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach. Six practical diets at three levels of protein (30%, 40% and 50%) and two levels of lipid (6% and 12%) were fed to loach juveniles (initial weight 0.40 g) in triplicated groups (20 fish per replicated) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that regardless of lipid level, body weight gain of fish was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased by dietary protein levels, and the lowest value was observed in fish fed dietary protein levels of 50%, regardless of dietary lipid level. Moreover, the percentage of 22:6n‐3 in viscera was significantly increased by different protein levels. The expression level of catalase was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level with both lipid levels. Meanwhile, the expression level of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) was downregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 6% of lipid level, but the expression was upregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 12% of lipid level. In conclusion, these data suggested that 6% lipid and 50% protein in diet was optimal for loach during early development stage.     

池塘和稻田养殖模式对泥鳅营养品质的影响

为探究不同养殖模式对台湾泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus ssp.)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)营养品质的影响,本研究分析了池塘和稻田养殖模式下,台湾泥鳅和泥鳅的形体性状、营养成分和品质差异,并探讨了这些指标间的相关性。结果显示,台湾泥鳅的肥满度显著高于泥鳅,其中,池塘养殖模式下的台湾泥鳅(P. dabryanus ssp. pond-cultivated, PPOC)肥满度(1.00±0.01)显著高于池塘养殖模式下的泥鳅(M. anguillicaudatus pond-cultivated, MPOC) (0.50±0.01) (P<0.05)。泥鳅的粗蛋白含量显著高于台湾泥鳅(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著低于台湾泥鳅(P<0.05),其中,稻田养殖模式下的泥鳅(M. anguillicaudatus paddy-cultivated, MPAC)粗蛋白含量最高,达(21.09±0.57)%。除内聚性外,台湾泥鳅的质构特性显著高于泥鳅(P<0.05);养殖模式对2种泥鳅的形体性状有显著影响,PPOC肥满度显著高于稻田养殖模式下的台湾泥鳅(P. dabryanus ssp. paddy-cultivated, PPAC) (P<0.05),MPOC肥满度显著低于MPAC (P<0.05)。池塘养殖模式下2种泥鳅的致动脉粥样化指数和血栓形成指数显著低于稻田养殖的相同品种(P<0.05),硬度(PPOC)>硬度(PPAC),弹性(MPOC)<弹性(MPAC) (P<0.05),稻田养殖模式的2种泥鳅的谷氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、缬氨酸和甲硫氨酸高于池塘模式的相同品种(TAV>1)。主成分分析结果显示,形体性状与营养品质密切相关,肥满度与体长体高比呈负相关(–0.996),与质构特征、粗脂肪含量呈正相关,与水分、灰分、粗蛋白含量呈负相关。基于肥满度、质构等指标,PPOC最适合作为泥鳅加工原料。     

泥鳅cyp19a1基因克隆及其在倍性间的表达差异

克隆并分析泥鳅cyp19a1a的全长cDNA和5′侧翼序列,用qRT-PCR技术比较cyp19a1a在二倍体、四倍体泥鳅组织间和倍性间的表达差异。结果发现,泥鳅cyp19a1a的cDNA全长1 905 bp,包括29 bp的5′TR、301 bp的3′UTR和1 575 bp的ORF序列,其氨基酸序列中存在I-螺旋区、芳香化酶特异保守区以及血红素结合区等重要功能域。用hiTAIL-PCR克隆获得2 040 bp的5′侧翼序列,在该序列上预测到典型元件TATA-box,以及C/EBPβ、SRY、ER、CREB、GR等转录因子结合位点。12月龄四倍体泥鳅的体长、体质量均显著高于二倍体,但性腺发育明显滞后于二倍体。cyp19a1a和cyp19a1b分别在二倍体、四倍体泥鳅的性腺和脑中的表达量最高。倍性间比较结果显示,cyp19a1a在四倍体各组织中的表达均高于二倍体(除精巢外);cyp19a1b在四倍体雌鳅脑中的表达量显著高于二倍体,但在四倍体雄鳅脑中的表达量显著低于二倍体。综合分析上述结果,四倍体中相对较高的cyp19a1a表达可能与其性腺所处发育时期有关,较晚的性成熟有利于泥鳅将更多能量用于个体生长。由于cyp19a1及其催化产生的雌激素还可以通过GH-IGF通路调节鱼类的生长,推测cyp19a1在泥鳅倍性间的差异表达可能与二倍体、四倍体间的生长生殖差异密切相关。     

两种稻田养鳅模式的经济效益比较

在面积为0.67 hm2的稻田中,2014年4月投放外购泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaodatus)苗种176 kg,至2014年8月起捕商品泥鳅547 kg,平均利润22 618元/hm2;2014年8月从原稻田养殖的商品泥鳅中选留18 kg,进行稻田原位秋季繁殖鳅苗,共获鳅苗2.9万尾,总重58 kg,越冬后继续养殖至2015年8月,起捕商品泥鳅554 kg,平均利润32 767元/hm2。结果表明,稻田原位秋季繁殖鳅苗模式优于泥鳅购苗养殖模式,操作简便,省去了苗种购买费用,仅增加了催产药品费和孵化用具费用计860元,养殖商品泥鳅经济效益优势明显。     

长江流域泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅种质资源调查与研究

对长江流域泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅野生群体进行了系统资源调查,结果显示,二倍体泥鳅(2n)与多倍体泥鳅(3n,4n,5n)在长江流域均有分布,其中二倍体泥鳅数目占有绝对优势,少量多倍体泥鳅集中分布于长江流域中游地区及若干湖泊。此外,显著性分析表明,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的雌性个体都显著大于雄性个体,两物种间个体大小无显著性差异。二倍体泥鳅的体长与体质量明显小于三倍体泥鳅及四倍体泥鳅,而三倍体泥鳅与四倍体泥鳅间无显著性差异。野生群体中,泥鳅雌性个体所占比例从上游到下游逐渐减少,大鳞副泥鳅无明显变化。相关性分析显示,泥鳅体质量与地域经度呈负相关,大鳞副泥鳅体质量与地域经度无显著相关性。研究表明,长江流域多倍体泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅物种资源丰富。     

First report of Shewanella sp. and Listonella sp. infection in freshwater cultured loach,Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

A novel disease outbreak occurred among cultured loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in China. The diseased fish displayed lethargy, loss of appetite, black discolouration, anasarca and ventral skin hyperaemia. Clinical signs were observed in most of the fish examined, which consisted of discoloured liver, swollen spleen and petechial haemorrhage in the intestine and peritoneal membranes. The causative agent was found to be two species of bacteria by experimental infection, identified as Shewanella sp. and Listonella sp. The result showed that these were likely to be Shewanella putrefaciens and Listonella anguillarum respectively. Bacterial identification consisted of physiological and biochemical tests as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, revealing that Shewanella putrefaciens and Listonella anguillarum were susceptible to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, pipemidicacid and norfloxacin. This is the first report of S. putrefaciens and L. anguillarum from cultured loach.     

泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅个体发育早期同工酶谱的变化

泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)和大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgumus dabryanus)同属鲤形目鳅科花鳅亚科,是中国常见的经济鱼类,它们养殖简单,一年四季均可进行人工催产繁殖,是进行鱼类发育生物学研究的好材料.     

温度对泥鳅受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响研究

[目的]了解温度对泥鳅仔鱼孵化和仔鱼活力的影响。[方法]在不同温度（18、21、242、73、0和33℃）下,研究泥鳅受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率,对初孵的泥鳅仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定其不投饵存活系数（SAI）。[结果]当温度为18～33℃时,泥鳅受精卵的培育周期和孵化周期随温度的升高而缩短。当温度为18℃时,泥鳅受精卵的培育周期和孵化周期最长,分别为39.43和10.13 h。当温度为21～27℃时,受精卵孵化率达80%以上,且初孵仔鱼的畸形率较低。当温度为18～30℃时,初孵仔鱼在24 h和48 h存活率都相对较高。不投饵存活系数（SAI）随温度的增长呈先升后降的变化趋势。当温度为24℃时,仔鱼的SAI值最高（27.01）。[结论]泥鳅受精卵孵化的适宜温度为21～27℃,仔鱼生存的适宜温度为21～24℃。     

泥鳅激素浸泡催产试验的初报

为了寻找一种简易的泥鳅催产方法。浸泡催产激素有绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A2)和地欧酮(DOM),以HCG250 IU+LHRH-A22 μg+DOM1 mg/尾为基本剂量(X),食盐作为浸泡助渗剂,食用色拉油为消泡剂。分别进行不同浸泡时间、浓度和盐度的泥鳅催产试验。累计激素浸泡催产种鳅13.987 kg,900尾,获受精卵80.218万粒,其催产率在0%~100%,平均催产率为34.66%;得泥鳅水花苗71.42万尾。孵化率为在45.6%~93.3%之间,孵化率平均值为81.21%。激素浸泡催产率高达80.0%,激素浸泡催产获得泥鳅受精卵的孵化率和注射激素催产获受精卵的孵化率差别不大,说明利用激素浸泡泥鳅催产方便省时,是一种有前途的新方法。浸泡催产激素有绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）、促黄体素释放激素类似物（LHRH-A2）和地欧酮（DOM）,按照HCG250IU+LHRH-A22μg+DOM1mg/尾基本剂量（X）;食盐为浸泡助渗剂,食用色拉油为消泡剂。2011年6月15日至20日,笔者分别进行不同浸泡时间、浓度和盐度的泥鳅催产试验。累计激素浸泡催产种鳅13.987kg,900尾,获受精卵84.826万粒,其催产率在 0.00%～80.0%,得泥鳅水花苗71.42万尾。孵化率为在45.6%～93.3%之间,孵化率平均值为81.21%。