Vegetative Growth Characters of the Young Apple Trees Trained in Vertical Axis System

Vegetative growth of young apple trees trained in vertical axis were studied with ‘Red Fuji',‘Jonagold’, ‘ Orin’ and ‘ Starkrimson’on M7, MM106, M26 interstocks in northern China. About 30branches sprouted from the central leader of the trees during the 4 years after planting for ‘Red Fuji’ and‘Jonagold’, and 26.7 and 20 branches respectively for ‘Orin' and ‘Starkrimson. Moreover the 2-year-old section of the central leader had the strongest capacity to sprout new branches (and sometimes the 1-year-old section too), and sprouted more new shoots than the other section. The total new shoots including spurs on the4-year-old trees reached 631 per tree for ‘ Jonagold', about 480 for ‘ Red Fuji’ and ‘ Orin’, and 312 for‘Starkrimson’. Percentage of spurs was about 61% for ‘Red Fuji’, 73% for ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Orin’, and81% for‘Starkrimson’. Growth vigor of the central leader and limbs of the young apple trees could quickly decline: the growth of the central leader decreased markedly in the fourth year after planting, and branches from the central leader grew vigorously only in the current growth season or in the first two years after branching.     

环核苷酸（cAMP／cGMP）与肉鸡内分泌及免疫功能的关系

以艾维茵肉鸡为实验对象，研究了血清环核苷酸与肉鸡内分汔及免疫功能的关系。结果表明，以性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）强毒株攻击后，肉鸡垂体－肾上腺轴活动加强，并发生针对IBDV的特异性免疫反应，血清cAMP与cGMP含量均上升，但cAMP/cGMP比值保持稳定，提示垂体－肾上腺轴活动加强使cAMP上升与抗IBDV特异性免疫细胞内效应大分子的合成有关，而cAMP/cGMP比值的稳定则是保持一种高阈平衡，以维持内环境的稳态。由于IBDV强毒株破坏了机体免疫系统，未经IBDV疫苗免疫的肉鸡cAMP、抗IBDV抗体和IL－2的上升幅度均比经IBDV疫苗免疫的肉鸡小。     

Central and peripheral effects of repeated noise stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in pigs

The present study was performed to examine the effects of a repeated noise exposure (4 weeks) on basal and noise-induced plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), cortisol and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) levels, brain glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations as well as on the morphology of adrenal glands in German Landrace pigs. Chronically cannulated pigs were exposed to either a daily stimulation with broad-band noise (2 h, 90 dB) (N1), or to the same stimulus three times a week (N2), or to an equal handling procedure without noise stimulation. Noise exposure caused an increase of basal CBG concentrations in N1 animals in the first week. During noise session, an increase of plasma ACTH and cortisol levels in N1 animals was measured in week 1 followed by a subsequent decrease until week 4. The ACTH and cortisol response of the N2 animals increased after week 1 and was significantly elevated in week 4. Furthermore, noise stress caused an increased hippocampal GR binding of N2 pigs, but had no effects on GR binding in the amygdala and on hypothalamic CRH levels. There were also significant structural modifications in the adrenal gland of N1 pigs resulting in differentiated effects on the adrenal cortex and medulla. The present results show that repeated noise exposure of pigs causes considerable alterations at different levels of the HPA system in association with the frequency of noise stimulation. This may have substantial impact on the general vulnerability of the animal with respect to productivity, health and welfare.     

肠道内分泌与营养素感应系统

动物肠道内消化代谢产生的各种营养素或其他化学物质,能够通过肠道内分泌和营养素感应系统发挥生理效应。作为肠道内分泌和营养素感应系统重要的组成部分,肠道内分泌细胞通过表面的感应受体(氨基酸感应受体、脂肪酸感应受体和葡萄糖感应受体等),识别感应肠道内各类营养素,不仅调节营养素吸收和代谢,同时能够分泌脑肠肽(胰高血糖素样肽-1、酪酪肽、胆囊收缩素等)。脑肠肽通过由中枢神经系统、自主神经系统以及肠神经系统构成的脑肠神经网络,参与调控机体摄食行为及其他生理功能。本文就动物肠道内分泌系统、脑肠轴以及营养素感应受体等方面研究进展进行综述。     

青海本地山羊心电图的研究

对 2 9只青海本地山羊标准肢导联 ( , , )、加压单极肢导联 (a VR,a VL,a VF)、单极胸导联 (V1～ V6)、双极胸导联 (一 ) (C1 ,C2 ,C3 )和 A-B导联共 1 6个导联的心电图进行了分析和研究。结果发现 :1平均心电轴显著右偏 ,为 1 4 9.7°± 54.9°(-1°～ 2 68.5°) ;2皆为窦性心律 ,但窦律不齐出现概率高达 89.7% ;3 P波和 T波波向一致性较好的有 , ,a VF,C1和 A-B导联 (正向 )以及 a VR,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联 (负向 ) ;4在 ,a VF,V3,V4 ,V5,V6 ,C2和 C3导联心电图上 ,QRS综合波以 q R或 R主要波型 ,而在 ,a VL ,V2 ,C1和 A-B导联心电图上以 r S,Qr或 QS为主要波型 ;5各波和间期的时限 (s)为 :P波 (0 .0 53± 0 .0 2 1 ) ;QRS综合波 (0 .0 60± 0 .0 1 7) ;T波 (0 .0 92± 0 .0 3 2 ) ;P-Q间期 (0 .1 2 5± 0 .0 49) ;Q-T间期 (0 .3 1 4±0 .0 58) ;Q-Tc间期 (0 .3 46± 0 .0 64) ;R-R间期(0 .82 2± 0 .1 74)。     

小花棘豆中毒对大鼠下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴α-甘露糖苷酶的影响

将144只雌性大鼠随机分为4组,即对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组.将小花棘豆全草粉碎后,按Ⅰ组添加15%(含苦马豆素30 mg·kg-1)、Ⅱ组添加30%(含苦马豆素60 mg·kg-1)、Ⅲ组添加45%(含苦马豆素90 mg·kg-1)的比例制作混合饲料,饲喂至典型中毒症状出现为止.攻毒后每7 d每组随机采集4只大鼠的下丘脑、垂体和卵巢,检测其AMA活性及表达的变化.结果表明,试验及对照大鼠下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴高尔基体α-甘露糖苷酶Ⅱ(AMA1)和溶酶体α-甘露糖苷酶(AMA2)均有表达,但各试验组表达转录水平与对照组差异显著,试验Ⅰ组大鼠HPOA的AMA1及AMA2的表达均与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但试验Ⅱ组大鼠HPOA的AMA1以及试验Ⅲ组大鼠HPOA的AMA1、AMA2相对表达均显著低于对照(P0.05),而且随着试验的进行抑制效果愈加明显.结果表明,小花棘豆中毒可影响大鼠HPOA中AMA的活性及其基因的转录表达.     

Nesfatin-1及其mRNA在大鼠生长轴中的表达

【目的】探讨Nesfatin-1在大鼠生长轴(下丘脑、腺垂体、肝脏、胰腺、肌肉)中的定位及其mRNA的表达情况。【方法】对雌性大鼠进行深度麻醉灌注后,采集下丘脑、腺垂体、肝脏、胰腺、腓肠肌肌肉组织,放入4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,采用免疫组化PV-9000二步法、DAB显色技术检测Nesfatin-1在生长轴上的分布,另取雌性大鼠断头处死,取相同组织用荧光定量PCR方法检测其中Nesfatin-1mRNA的表达情况。【结果】Nesfatin-1主要分布于下丘脑的室旁核、背内侧核、室周核、外侧区、弓状核、视上核、腺垂体、胰腺的胰岛和腺泡及肝脏与肌肉中。平均光密度分析显示,Nesfatin-1在室周核和胰岛的表达量显著地高于其他组织(P0.05),在胰腺腺泡、肝脏及肌肉中的表达量则显著地低于其他组织(P0.05),在下丘脑背内侧核、外侧区和室旁核中的表达量显著高于视上核、弓状核和腺垂体(P0.05)。Nesfatin-1mRNA在胰腺中表达量最高,腺垂体次之,下丘脑和肝脏较低,在胰腺和腺垂体的表达量显著高于下丘脑和肝脏,但下丘脑与肝脏差异不显著(P0.05);在腓肠肌中未检测出Nesfatin-1mRNA的表达。【结论】Nesfatin-1及其mRNA在生长轴中的广泛表达,表明Nesfatin-1可能对大鼠生长发育具有调控作用。     

GH-IGF-Ⅰ生长轴及其在水貂中的研究

生长激素-胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ（GH-IGF-Ⅰ）轴是动物生长发育的主要调控因素。本文概述了GH、GHRI、GF-Ⅰ基因的生物学功能、基因结构及其在水貂上的研究。