周口地区大叶黄杨白粉病菌的鉴定和进化分析

对周口地区的大叶黄杨白粉病菌进行了显微形态、核糖体DNA转录间隔区(ITS)及进化树分析。结果表明:在扫描电子显微镜下病菌分生孢子呈圆柱形或椭圆形,无支链;ITS序列与来自日本和阿根廷的Erysipheeuonymi-japonici的ITS序列聚在一个进化枝上。表明来自河南周口地区的白粉病属于E.euonymi-japonici,与日本和阿根廷的E.euonymi-japonici亲缘关系最近。     

中药秦艽基原植物的DNA分子鉴定

[目的]分析秦艽基原植物间不同DNA序列的差异,为秦艽药材DNA条形码的筛选和基原鉴定提供分子证据。[方法]采用PCR扩增纯化后直接测序的方法,测定大叶秦艽（G.macrophylla Pall.）、麻花艽（G.straminea Maxim.）、粗茎秦艽（G.crassicaulis Duthie exBurk.）、小秦艽（G.dahurica Fisch）、黄管秦艽（G.officinalis H.Smith）5种植物的核糖体DNA ITS、叶绿体DNApsbA-trnH核苷酸序列,并作序列同源性分析。[结果]cpDNApsbA-trnH序列长度变异范围为316~318 bp,有7种不同的单倍型,单倍型间有7个变异位点,序列的GC含量为21.2%;最大简约树的聚类结果与单倍型反映的结果一致。nrDNAITS序列长度变异范围为624~625 bp,有5种不同的单倍型,单倍型间有12个变异位点,序列的GC含量为59.3%;最大简约树的聚类结果表明,小秦艽与麻花艽聚为一支,大叶秦艽与黄管秦艽聚为一支,粗茎秦艽位于聚类图的最基部。[结论]nrDNAITS序列较适合作秦艽基原植物的DNA分子鉴定。     

5份金荞麦核糖体基因内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析

以5份金荞麦为材料,对其核糖体基因内转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行PCR扩增,均获得长约700 bp左右的特异性产物.测序结果表明,金荞麦样品中ITS序列在638～797 bp之间.经软件Clustal X2.0和MEGA 4.0分析结果表明,当空位作为缺失处理时,ITS区全序列包括488个保守位点,248个变异位点,6...     

栉孔扇贝BES-SSR的开发及遗传多样性分析

通过分析栉孔扇贝BAC末端序列,发现大量微卫星DNA;随机选择14个多态性BES-SSR标记,在我国栉孔扇贝大连群体(DL)和青岛群体(QD)中验证标记的可用性,同时对这两个群体的遗传结构及其分化进行研究。结果表明,从17447条BESs中得到微卫星3374个,以四核苷酸重复为主(26.6%),五核苷酸重复次之(17.7%),六核苷酸重复最少(12.0%)。BES-SSR引物的扩增效率为77.3%(99/128),在作图亲本中的多态比例为33.6%(43/128),14个基因座在两群体中的平均等位基因数Na分别为18.9286和26.2143,平均有效等位基因数Ne为11.7505和17.0891,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.5100和0.4204,平均期望杂合度He为0.9156和0.9450,多态信息含量PIC分别为0.8940和0.9302,群体遗传多样性水平较高。两群体间的无偏遗传相似性系数为0.4879,遗传距离为0.7177,平均基因分化指数FST为0.0243,基因流Nm为10.0179,显示群体间遗传分化程度较弱,遗传变异主要来自于群体内个体之间,经Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验,两群体普遍存在杂合子缺失现象。研究表明,所开发的BES-SSR是高度多态位点,用于群体遗传多样性分析效果很好,显示BES是微卫星标记开发和应用的重要资源。     

入侵种西花蓟马与本地近缘种花蓟马的双基因鉴定

快速准确的害虫种类识别是有效筛选天敌昆虫开展靶向性生物防控的关键。入侵种西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis与本地种花蓟马F.intonsa常同域同期同种寄主上发生,因体型小、形态相似,难以快速准确鉴定。本研究以mt DNA COI与r DNA ITS2基因为标记对我国10个采样点的西花蓟马和花蓟马开展分子鉴定研究。结果显示,当以COI或ITS2基因为靶标时,西花蓟马与花蓟马间的平均遗传距离分别为0.221和0.113,是种内遗传距离的22.1和18.8倍,且种内、种间遗传距离间无重叠,并在系统发育树上聚为独立的分支,表明2种基因均可准确区分西花蓟马和花蓟马。此外,基于COI基因构建的系统发育树,西花蓟马的各单倍型聚为了2个亚分支,并分别对应温室品系和羽扇豆品系,表明COI基因还可用于西花蓟马品系的识别鉴定。研究结果对近缘种花蓟马的快速鉴定、专食性天敌昆虫的筛选,及其生防效果评价具有重要意义。     

凭祥睑虎线粒体基因组序列测定与分析

采用PCR扩增方法测定了凭祥睑虎(Goniurosaurus luii)线粒体基因组全序列。经测序线粒体基因组全长16 519 bp,含有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个r RNA基因、22个t RNA基因和1个控制区。凭祥睑虎线粒体基因组碱基组成分别为A(34.11%)、T(27.43%)、C(26.01%)、G(12.45%)。除t RNA-Ser(AGY)外,其余21个t RNA基因的二级结构均为典型的三叶草结构。13个蛋白质编码基因中,7个基因(ND1、ND4、ND5、COⅡ、COⅢ、ATP8、ATP6)的起始密码子为ATG,2个基因(ND2、ND3)为ATA,2个基因(ND4L、Cytb)为ACA,剩余2个分别为ATC(COI)和GTG(ND6)。终止密码子一般都是TAA、AGA或者TAA,ND2、ND3、ND4、ND6、ATP6、COⅢ6个基因由不完全终止密码子终止(TA或T)。控制区全长1 147 bp,含有7个串联重复序列、6个终止相关序列TAS和2个保守序列(CBS-2,CBS-3)。     

略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的遗传多样性分析

为了研究略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop）的遗传多样性和起源,本研究对30只略阳乌鸡样品的mtDNA D-loop全序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的其他鸡的D-loop区序列,分析略阳乌鸡线粒体多态性及其起源。结果表明,略阳乌鸡mtDNA D-loop区全序列中,A、C、G、T平均含量分别为26.6%、26.6%、13.4%和33.4%,26个核苷酸多态位点均为转换位点,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.00705,单倍型变异度（Hd）为1.000,中性检验Tajima's D值为-0.47272。通过群体构建的系统进化树发现,略阳乌鸡样品在系统进化树上聚为4大分支。研究结果表明,略阳乌鸡群体内个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性丰富,揭示略阳乌鸡在遗传组成上具有4个母系来源。     

Genetic diversity of the Mexican Lidia bovine breed and its divergence from the Spanish population

Lidia bovine breed exists since the XIV century in the Iberian Peninsula. These animals were initially produced for meat but some, showing an aggressive behaviour which difficulted their management, were used to participate in popular traditional and social events. A specialization of the breed giving rise to the original Lidia population is documented in Spain since mid-XVIII century. Following the same tradition than in the Spanish population, Mexico used aggressive animals at the beginning of the XX century until two families of breeders started importing Lidia breed bovines from Spain with the aim of specializing their production. Each family (Llaguno and González) followed different breeding managements, and currently, most of the Lidia Mexican population derives from the Llaguno line. Although genetic structure and diversity of the Spanish population have been studied (using autosomal microsatellite markers, Y chromosome DNA markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences), the Mexican population is not analysed. The aim of the study was to assess both the genetic structure and diversity of the Mexican Lidia breed and its relationship with the original Spanish population using the same molecular tools. A total of 306 animals belonging to 20 breeders issued from both existing Mexican families were genotyped, and the genetic information was compared to the previously existing Spanish information. Slightly higher levels of genetic diversity in Mexican population were found when comparing to the Spanish population, and the variability among populations accounted for differences within them showing mean values of 0.18 and 0.12, respectively. Animals from the Mexican breeders, belonging to each of the two families, clustered together, and there was little evidence of admixture with the Spanish population. The analysis of Y chromosome diversity showed a high frequency of the H6 haplotype in the Mexican population, whereas this haplotype is rare in the Spanish, which is only found in the Miura (100%) and Casta Navarra (38%) lineages. Mitochondrial DNA revealed similar haplotypic pattern in both Spanish and Mexican populations, which is in accordance with most of the Mediterranean bovine breeds. In conclusion, as the Mexican Lidia population had initially a small number of founders and its current population has been reared isolated from their Spanish ancestors since a long time, these bottleneck effects and a combination of mixed cattle origin are the factors that might erase any trace of the Spanish origin of this population.     

西北马鹿群体遗传多样性及系统地位

【目的】揭示西北马鹿(Cervus elaphus)群体的遗传多样性及系统地位,为科学地保护和利用我国西北地区马鹿资源提供基础研究材料。【方法】对塔里木马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、天山马鹿、甘肃马鹿及阿拉善马鹿5个群体108个个体的D-loop全序列进行扩增、测序,分析其碱基组成及变异,构建系统发育树,研究西北马鹿群体遗传结构、群体遗传多样性及其系统地位。【结果】共检测到40个单倍型,平均单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.998±0.006,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.041±0.005,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为36.08。构建NJ和MP分子系统发育树发现,塔里木马鹿与其他马鹿遗传距离较远,分属于不同的类群;阿尔泰马鹿、天山马鹿及甘肃马鹿之间均存在基因交流,可能是群体间引种杂交所致。【结论】西北地区马鹿整体遗传多样性丰富;中国马鹿可能起源于欧洲;部分马鹿群体间存在基因交流情况。     

蒙古马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性与多重母系起源

【目的】对蒙古马mtDNA D-loop区247bp序列进行遗传多样性分析,探讨蒙古马的起源。【方法】采用PCR方法、测序技术及生物信息学方法,将本试验所测得的21匹蒙古马的mtDNA D-loop区序列,与GenBank中公布的43条蒙古马的对应序列,及世界范围内家马、普氏野马和内蒙古地区古马的mtDNA D-loop区序列一起进行系统发育分析。【结果】蒙古马具有39种单倍型,37个多态位点,核苷酸多样度(π)为0.02756±0.00967,单倍型多样度(h)为0.979±0.007,表明蒙古马mtDNA遗传多样性非常丰富。引用世界家马、古马、普氏野马和蒙古马共1074条mtDNA D-loop序列及本研究中21条mtDNA D-loop序列,共同进行系统发育分析,结果显示,蒙古马分布于A、B、C、D、E和F支系。【结论】蒙古马为多重母系起源,且与国内古马的母系起源几乎一致,推测蒙古马可能是中国北方家马的重要母系来源。