中国南极磷虾渔业发展的微观解析与对策研究——以辽渔集团有限公司为例

为探讨中国南极磷虾渔业全产业链发展模式,采用Thomson Innovation数据库、CCAMLR数据库等多源数据,分析辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业全产业链条发展特征。结果显示:1)自2009/2010年渔季以来,连续投入渔船参与南极磷虾捕捞生产;2)在南极磷虾油研发环节申请6项发明专利,储备了产业开发核心技术;3)开发10余种南极磷虾相关产品,通过互联网等方式建立了销售渠道,因此认为辽渔集团已经初步建立了全产业链发展模式。在探讨新时期辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业产业发展面临的机遇和挑战基础上,提出制定南极磷虾产业发展规划、统筹专利技术保护战略、构建南极磷虾信息平台、加强高端产品研发投入和推动新型南极磷虾捕捞加工船建设等相关对策建议,以进一步提升辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业产业国际竞争力。     

基于贝叶斯方法的FAO48.1区南极磷虾渔业资源评估

南极海域南极磷虾资源丰富,开发潜力已经得到世界范围的关注。由于南极海洋生物资源养护委员会（Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, CCAMLR）多年来始终将联合国粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）在南极海域内设立的48.1区的捕捞限额控制在1.55×105 t,从而引发了众多争议,采用CCAMLR公布的2006-2015年生产统计数据,利用基于贝叶斯方法的非平衡剩余产量模型,对FAO 48.1区南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）的渔业资源进行评估,结果显示：当前48.1区南极磷虾资源的环境容纳量为（1.93～7.84）×107 t;渔业资源综合种群的内禀增长率为0.4～0.6;2016年48.1区南极磷虾的平均生物量为3.88×107 t;48.1区南极磷虾资源当前最大持续产量（MSY）为5.5×106 t;当前的触发产量远低于MSY的阈值,48.1区内南极磷虾资源几乎处于原始未开发状态。建议提高48.1区南极磷虾的触发产量至5.5×105t。     

南极磷虾产品研究及发展趋势

南极磷虾生活在南极海域,资源量丰富,具有较高的应用价值.南极磷虾开发耗资巨大,在大规模商业性开发投入之前,做好相关产品与市场分析等基础工作十分必要.本文首先对南极磷虾产品的发展历程进行了分析,继而对南极磷虾产品的主要形式与发展前景进行了剖析,并对主要目标市场进行了定位研究.研究认为：南极磷虾粉和液态磷虾油是目前较为普遍的产品存在形式.其中,磷虾粉可作为蛋白质增强剂、增味剂和重要的氨基酸补充剂使用,可作为渗透调节之用,同时,可以作为矿物质来源、脂质来源、几丁质/几丁聚糖免疫增强剂、天然色素（类胡萝卜素）来源使用.磷虾粉的目标市场更倾向于水产饲料;磷虾油的目标市场主要倾向于营养保健和制药行业.相对于磷虾粉,磷虾油的市场价值更高.     

虾粉生产方式对南极磷虾油品质的影响

为了保护南极磷虾油中的生物活性物质,提取虾油的虾粉生产环节非常重要。为探究更佳的虾粉生产方式,研究了虾粉生产过程中的温度和含水量对虾油品质的影响,并通过能耗计算确定了最优工艺。结果表明,南极磷虾含水量高于10％,高温对脂质的影响略高于低温;含水量低于10％,高温会使脂质严重酸败。但高温操作干燥速度快、能量利用效率高,相比于50℃,80℃下烘干能使生产效率提高1倍,能耗降低25％。因此,为兼顾生产效率和活性物质保护,选择先80℃烘干到含水量15％再50℃烘干的阶段式干燥方式,取代单一温度操作的干燥方式。新的虾粉生产方式比目前采用的生产方式效率提高将近1倍,能耗降低24％。     

Interactions between physical and biotic factors influence CO2 flux in Antarctic dry valley soils

Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux is an integrative measure of ecosystem functioning representing both biotic and physical controls over carbon (C) balance. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, soil CO₂ fluxes (approximately −0.1-0.15 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) are generally low, and negative fluxes (uptake of CO₂) are sometimes observed. A combination of biological respiration and physical mechanisms, driven by temperature and mediated by soil moisture and mineralogy, determine CO₂ flux and, therefore, soil organic C balance. The physical factors important to CO₂ flux are being altered with climate variability in many ecosystems including arid forms such as the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, making it critical to understand how climate factors interact with biotic drivers to control soil CO₂ fluxes and C balances. We measured soil CO₂ flux in experimental field manipulations, microcosm incubations and across natural environmental gradients of soil moisture to estimate biotic soil respiration and abiotic sources of CO₂ flux in soils over a range of physical and biotic conditions. We determined that temperature fluctuations were the most important factor influencing diel variation in CO₂ flux. Variation within these diel CO₂ cycles was explained by differences in soil moisture. Increased temperature (as opposed to temperature fluctuations) had little or no effect on CO₂ flux if moisture was not also increased. We conclude that CO₂ flux in dry valley soils is driven primarily by physical factors such as soil temperature and moisture, indicating that future climate change may alter the dry valley soil C cycle. Negative CO₂ fluxes in arid soils have recently been identified as potential net C sinks. We demonstrate the potential for arid polar soils to take up CO₂, driven largely by abiotic factors associated with climate change. The low levels of CO₂ absorption into soils we observed may not constitute a significant sink of atmospheric CO₂, but will influence the interpretation of CO₂ flux for the dry valley soil C cycle and possibly other arid environments where biotic controls over C cycling are secondary to physical drivers.     

Photosynthetic pigments in soils from northern Victoria Land (continental Antarctica) as proxies for soil algal community structure and function

Although soil algae are among the main primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems of continental Antarctica, there are very few quantitative studies on their relative proportion in the main algal groups and on how their distribution is affected by biotic and abiotic factors. Such knowledge is essential for understanding the functioning of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. We therefore analyzed biological soil crusts from northern Victoria Land to determine their pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water content (W), total and organic C (TC and TOC) and total N (TN) contents, and the presence and abundance of photosynthetic pigments. In particular, the latter were tested as proxies for biomass and coarse-resolution community structure. Soil samples were collected from five sites with known soil algal communities and the distribution of pigments was shown to reflect differences in the relative proportions of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta in these sites. Multivariate and univariate models strongly indicated that almost all soil variables (EC, W, TOC and TN) were important environmental correlates of pigment distribution. However, a significant amount of variation is independent of these soil variables and may be ascribed to local variability such as changes in microclimate at varying spatial and temporal scales. There are at least five possible sources of local variation: pigment preservation, temporal variations in water availability, temporal and spatial interactions among environmental and biological components, the local-scale patchiness of organism distribution, and biotic interactions.     

南极磷虾粉中氟形态及其分析技术

[目的]建立南极磷虾氟形态分析方法,为南极磷虾的开发利用提供技术支持.[方法]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术对南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态进行分析研究,并对提取条件进行优化.[结果]南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态可分为水溶态氟、可交换态氟、氧化态氟、有机束缚态氟和残渣态氟,分别占总氟的15.7%、17.1%、31.7%、21.5%和14.0%,总氟含量为2518.6 mg/kg,各形态氟含量次序为:氧化态氟>有机束缚态氟>可交换态氟>水溶态氟>残渣态氟.[结论]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术能有效地定量研究南极磷虾中氟的赋存形态.     

Extracting Protein from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)

ABSTRACT

The isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) process was applied to Antarctic krill protein extraction. The solubility of Antarctic krill proteins and their fluoride content were studied between pH 1.00–13.75. The previous krill protein extraction conditions using ISP were improved. Excess fluoride in Antarctic krill was removed using a water-washing method according to its solubility. To save water, a multistage countercurrent system was used to optimize the ISP method. The results showed that the solubility of Antarctic krill proteins reached a minimum at pH 4.5 and a maximum at pH 13.5, while the concentration of dissolved fluoride was relatively unchanged (16.78–20.50 mg/L), with pH 2.00–13.50. Water-washing 4 times could reduce fluoride 98.14 ± 0.01% from krill with about a 5.14 ± 0.21% protein loss. The reduction allows krill protein to meet the Chinese National Standard (GB 2762-2005) for fluoride. Meanwhile, the four-stage countercurrent system achieved almost the same high fluoride removal rate (98.58 ± 0.01%) using only 25% of the water.     

Nutrient Compositions and Properties of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Muscle and Processing By-Products

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the morphometrics, proximate chemical compositions, pH, total amino acid (TAA), fatty acid profile, and minerals of the processing by-products of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The nutrient compositions and properties of the by-products were revealed by being compared to those of Antarctic krill muscle and the economically important species of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) and penaeid shrimps (Metapenaeus ensis). The by-products are worthy of utilization because of the high ratio to the total weight (65.7%). The crude protein contents in the muscle and by-products of krill are 17.4 and 11.7%, respectively. The krill proteins have higher contents of essential amino acids (EAAs). The EAAs constitute 42 and 37% of the TAAs in muscle and by-products, respectively. The krill processing by-products contain high levels of total lipid (3.3%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute 34% of fatty acids with high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 19.08%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 10.02%). Krill meat provides considerable iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, and copper. It is imperative to lower the fluoride level (70.1 mg/kg, wet basis) in krill muscle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveals that myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin are the major proteins in muscle, and their contents vary between species.     

Optimum krill phospholipids content in microdiets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

The aim of the present study was to determine the optimum dietary levels of krill phospholipids (KPL) for sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae, and its influence on larval development and digestive enzymes activity. Larvae were fed five formulated microdiets with five different levels of KPL. Complete replacement of live preys with the experimental microdiets for seabream larvae produced high survival and growth rates, particularly in fish fed the highest levels of KPL. In the present study, increase in dietary KPL up to 120 g kg^?1 (100 g kg^?1 total PL) significantly improved larval survival and growth, whereas further increase did not improve those parameters. An increase in alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and lipase activity with the elevation of KPL up to 120 g kg^?1 was also found denoting a better functioning of digestive system. Besides, there was a linear substrate stimulatory effect of dietary KPL on phospholipase A2 activity. Finally, increasing dietary KPL lead to better assimilation of n‐3 HUFA especially eicosapentaenoic acid, reflected in the higher content of these fatty acids in both neutral and polar lipids of the larvae. In summary, KPL were found to be an excellent source of lipids for seabream larvae. Optimum inclusion levels of this ingredient in microdiets to completely substitute live preys at this larval age were found to be 120 g kg^?1 KPL.