Biotic interactions in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: Are they a factor?

Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are noted for their relative simplicity and limited trophic structure. In this context, knowledge of biotic interactions in structuring terrestrial soil communities would seem beneficial from a theoretical perspective as well as from a conservation perspective. Unfortunately, although biotic interactions are generally seen as being insignificant in these unique ecosystems, this view is based upon few explicit studies and very little is known of the role that biotic interactions may play. Accordingly, we review our current understanding of these interactions, including analogues from other appropriate ecosystems. On the basis of this review, we conclude that: (1) Antarctic terrestrial systems are predominantly abiotically-driven systems; and (2) a network of manipulative field and laboratory experiments are needed for establishing any role for biotic interactions in structuring Antarctic soil environments.     

Modelling local-scale determinants and the probability of microarthropod species occurrence in Antarctic soils

Soil fauna in the extreme conditions of Antarctica consists of a few microinvertebrate species patchily distributed at different spatial scales. Populations of the prostigmatic mite Stereotydeus belli and the collembolan Gressittacantha terranova from northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) were used as models to study the effect of soil properties on microarthropod distributions. In agreement with the general assumption that the development and distribution of life in these ecosystems is mainly controlled by abiotic factors, we found that the probability of occurrence of S. belli depends on soil moisture and texture and on the sampling period (which affects the general availability of water); surprisingly, none of the analysed variables were significantly related to the G. terranova distribution. Based on our results and literature data, we propose a theoretical model that introduces biotic interactions among the major factors driving the local distribution of collembolans in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems.     

鄱阳湖南矶山湿地土壤养分的时空分布规律研究

通过研究鄱阳湖南矶山湿地土壤在不同季节、不同植被类型和不同土壤深度下总有机碳、总氮、总磷的含量变化,分析了鄱阳湖南矶山湿地土壤养分的空间分布特征和季节变化规律。结果表明：南矶山湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量在不同的土壤深度、季节和植被类型中均表现出极显著差异。其中南矶山灰化苔草、南荻、狗牙根植被群落样地0~15cm表层土壤总有机碳、总氮含量显著大于30~45cm底层含量;灰化苔草、南荻群落土壤总有机碳和总氮含量的季节变化明显,尤其是表层土壤在各个不同的季节差异显著,但狗牙根植被群落土壤总有机碳和总氮含量季节变化不明显;3种典型植被类型下土壤总磷含量季节变化明显,呈现＂N＂的变化趋势。土壤总有机碳与总氮含量极显著正相关、与总磷含量显著相关,表明鄱阳湖南矶山湿地土壤氮、磷主要以有机质的结合形态存在。     

Spatial distribution and physiology of biological soil crusts from semi-arid central Spain are related to soil chemistry and shrub cover

Despite the critical role of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in arid and semi-arid ecosystem function, few studies are found concerning the most important environmental variables affecting their distribution and physiology. This study seeks to determine soil and microenvironmental factors affecting the spatial distribution and pigment production of BSC-forming lichens and mosses in open patches of a semi-arid Mediterranean kermes oak thicket. We measured late-successional BSC cover, shrub cover, distance to nearest kermes oak (to test for effects of kermes oak thicket microenvironment on BSC), and pigment concentration of one lichen (Cladonia foliacea) and one moss (Pleurochaete squarrosa) species in the Nature Reserve El Regajal-Mar de Ontígola (Central Spain). At the macroscale (>0.5 m), results showed that BSC distribution and pigments were tightly coupled to a suite of soil properties, in particular soil pH, Fe, and Ca. Specifically, soil pH had a positive relationship with the cover of five individual BSC-forming lichen species and was negatively related to pigment production in C. foliacea. When pH was excluded from the analysis, Ca appeared as the main soil variable and was correlated with total BSC cover and total lichen cover. The micronutrient Fe had a significant positive relationship with the concentration of eight pigments in P. squarrosa and was also coupled with the cover of two BSC-forming lichens. Manganese, previously proposed as a key limiting micronutrient for BSCs, affected lichen diversity in a negative way. At the microscale (∼0.5 m), kermes oak microenvironment, shrub cover, and moss cover were determinants of BSC distribution, and total lichen and total BSC cover were overrepresented on N and E-facing shrub microsites. Our findings suggest that soil chemical variability and microsite diversity created by neighbouring vegetation affect BSC distribution in complex and essential ways and that studies aiming to explore BSC-environment relationships should be conducted at various spatial scales. Studies based on species- or group-specific responses are, thus, inadequate to unveil the main factors determining the distribution of the diverse organisms that constitute BSCs and/or to propose potential tools aiming to restore BSC in arid and semiarid ecosystems.     

基于环境变量的渭干河-库车河绿洲土壤盐分空间分布

土壤属性的数字制图对精准农业生产和环境保护治理至关重要。为了在大尺度上尽可能精确的监测土壤盐分空间变异性,该文使用普通克里格(ordinary kriging,OK)、地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)和随机森林(random forest,RF)方法,结合地形、土壤理化性质和遥感影像数据等16个环境辅助变量,绘制渭干河-库车河绿洲表层土壤盐分分布图。基于决定系数(R^2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)验证模型精度。结果表明:不同方法预测的盐分分布趋势没有显著差异,大体上从研究区的西北向东南部方向增加;结合辅助变量的不同预测方法中,RF方法预测精度最高,R^2为0.74,RMSE和MAE分别为9.07和7.90 mS/cm,说明该模型可以有效地对区域尺度的土壤盐分进行定量估算;RF方法对电导率(electric conductivity,EC)低于2 mS/cm时预测精度最高,RMSE为3.96 mS/cm,很好的削弱了植被覆盖对电导率EC的影响。     

神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

Soil texture and nitrogen mineralization potential across a riparian toposequence in a semi-arid savanna

Soil texture is an important influence on nutrient cycling in upland soils, with documented relationships between mineral particle size distribution and organic matter retention, nitrogen (N) mineralization, microbial biomass and other soil properties. However, little is known of the role of mineral particle size in riparian soils, where fluvial sorting creates strong spatial contrasts in the size distribution of sediments in sedimentary landforms. We studied total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) storage and net N mineralization relative to soil texture and landform in soils of a riparian toposequence along the Phugwane River in Kruger National Park, South Africa. TOC, TN and potential N mineralization related strongly to particle size distribution in all soils along the toposequence. TOC and TN were positively correlated with silt and clay concentration (r² =0.78). In long-term laboratory incubations, N mineralization was greatest in fine-textured, N-rich soils, although the proportions of soil N mineralized were inversely related to fine particle concentrations (r²=0.61). There were differences in TOC, TN and potential N mineralization among landform types, but none of these soil properties were statistically significant after accounting for the effect of particle size. These results demonstrate the influence of particle size in mediating N retention and mineralization in these soils. Predictable differences in soil texture across alluvial landforms contribute to corresponding contrasts in soil conditions, and may play an important role in structuring riparian soil and plant communities.     

Multivariate analysis of soils: microbial biomass,metabolic activity,and bacterial‐community structure and their relationships with soil depth and type

A multivariate statistical approach based on a large data set of abiotic and biotic variables was used to classify four contrasting‐land‐use soils. Soil samples were collected at increasing depth from a calcareous agricultural soil, a temperate upland grassland soil, a moderately acidic agricultural soil, and an acidic pine forest soil. Analytical investigations were carried out by using a combination of conventional physical, chemical, and biochemical methods coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) community fingerprinting of PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA gene‐coding fragments from soil‐extracted total‐community DNA. The data set of soil physical, chemical, and biochemical variables was reduced in dimensionality by means of a principal‐component‐analysis (PCA) procedure. Compositional shifts in soil bacterial‐community structure were analyzed through a clustering algorithm that allowed identifying six main bacterial‐community clusters. DGGE fingerprinting clusters were further analyzed by discriminant analysis (DA) using extracted PCA components as explanatory variables. Soil organic matter–related pools (TOC, TN) and functionally related active pools (microbial biomass C and N, K₂SO₄‐extractable C) significantly decreased with soil depth, and resulted statistically linked to one other and positively related to enzymatic activities (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β‐glucosidase, dehydrogenase, hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate) and silt content. Besides organic‐C gradients, pedogenetic‐driven physico‐chemical properties, and possibly soil thermal and moisture regimes seemed to play a key role in regulating size and energetic ecophysiological status of soil microbial communities. DGGE analysis showed that contrasting horizons were conducive to the dominance of particular bacterial ribotypes. DA revealed that the bacterial‐community structure was mainly influenced by organic matter–related variables (TOC, TN, CEC, C_flush, N_flush, Extr‐C), chemical properties such as pH, CaCO₃, and EC, together with textural properties. Results indicate that, beyond land use or plant cover, pedogenetic‐driven physico‐chemical conditions changing with soil type and depth are the key factors regulating microbial size and activity, and determining the genetic structure of bacterial community.     

大面积高寒山区土壤养分空间预测与管理分区

土壤养分空间分布是土壤质量监测与可持续管理的关键信息。在大面积高寒山区,土壤调查样本较为稀疏,准确地预测土壤养分的空间变异并建立合理的管理分区,具有重要科学意义。本文基于青海省土系调查的205个土壤剖面数据,利用随机森林模型结合环境因素变量(地形、气候、植被、遥感数据), 分别建立了表层(0-20cm)土壤全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)与之间的定量关系,对青海省土壤养分含量的空间分布进行了预测；在此基础上,结合全国土壤养分的分级标准,利用投影寻踪法,生成了土壤养分的管理分区。留一交叉验证结果显示,全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)空间预测的R_²分别是0.89、0.85、0.82,可解释土壤养分空间变异的80%以上,表明随机森林模型和环境因素变量结合可以在稀疏样本条件下有效地预测大面积高寒山区土壤养分空间变异。青海省土壤养分呈现东高西低的分布模式,土壤综合养分高等级 出现在南部的玉树、果洛、黄南和东部的湟水谷地地区；低等级主要分布在柴达木盆地、可可西里、海南州中南部；全省土壤综合养分分级均在中上等级以上 ,占全省面积是81%。分析发现,植被是影响青海省表层土壤养分全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)空间分布的主要环境因素,其中年降水、地表温度是影响青海省表层土壤全氮(TN)空间模式的重要因素；地表覆被、海拔和地表温度等环境因子对表层土壤全磷(TP)的空间变异占主导作用；年降水、昼夜温差是影响表层土壤全钾(TK)的空间模式的重要因素。     

How environmental and vegetation factors affect spatial patterns of soil carbon and nitrogen in a subtropical mixed forest in Central China

Purpose

Soil properties are highly heterogeneous in forest ecosystems, which poses difficulties in estimating soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. However, little is known about the relative contributions of environmental factors and vegetation to spatial variations in soil C and N, especially in highly diverse mixed forests. Here, we examined the spatial variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in a subtropical mixed forest in central China, and then quantified the main drivers.

Materials and methods

Soil samples (n = 972) were collected from a 25-ha forest dynamic plot in Badagonshan Nature Reserve, central China. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥1 cm and topography data in the plot were surveyed in detail. Geostatistical analyses were used to characterize the spatial variability of SOC and TN, while variation partitioning combined with Mantel’s test were used to quantify the relative contribution of each type of factors.

Results and discussion

Both surface soil (0–10 cm) and subsurface soil (10–30 cm) exhibited moderate spatial autocorrelation with explainable fractions ranged from 31 to 47 %. The highest contribution to SOC and TN variation came from soil variables (including soil pH and available phosphorus), followed by vegetation and topographic variables. Although the effect of topography was weak, Mantel’s test still showed a significant relationship between topography and SOC. Strong interactions among these variables were discovered. Compared with surface soil, the explanatory power of environmental variables was much lower for subsurface soil.

Conclusions

The differences in relative contributions between surface and subsurface soils suggest that the dominating ecological process are likely different in the two soil depths. The large unexplained variation emphasized the importance of fine-scale variations and ecological processes. The large variations in soil C and N and their controlling mechanisms should be taken into account when evaluating how forest managements may affect C and N cycles.

     

氮添加和凋落物增减对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体及其碳氮的影响

大气氮沉降可通过改变土壤氮素可利用性(直接影响)和改变凋落物输入量(间接影响)对森林土壤碳氮动态产生影响.土壤团聚体是森林表层土壤最具代表性的基本结构单元,对于稳定贮存有机碳氮具有重要意义.通过氮添加和凋落物增减试验设计,探索氮添加和凋落物增减对土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分的影响.结果 表明:(1)凋落物增加(+L)和减少(...     

民勤绿洲区撂荒农耕地土壤有机碳变化特征及影响因素

对民勤绿洲区不同撂荒年限农耕地0-60cm土体4个土层中土壤总有机碳（TOC）、轻组有机碳（LFC）和重组有机碳(HFC)剖面分布以及与土壤主要属性的关系进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)撂荒区0-60cm土层土壤,TOC、LFC和HFC含量分别介于3.21-5.23g/kg、0.34-1.51 g/kg、2.55-4.30 g/kg之间,相对于常规耕作,撂荒过程中土壤TOC 、LFC和 HFC的下降主要发生在耕层（0-20cm）,撂荒50年间,TOC 、LFC和 HFC年均减幅分别为1.94%,5.46%和2.13%;20-60 cm土层土壤TOC和HFC含量总体呈现缓慢增长的趋势,撂荒50年TOC和HFC年增幅分别为0.31%和0.88%,LFC持续减少,年均减幅为1.18%。(2)撂荒地HFC对TOC的贡献大于LFC,土壤TOC和HFC分别与粘粒百分比（Clay）和粉粒百分比（Silt）呈极显著正相关,与沙粒百分比（Sand）呈极显著负相关,LFC与Silt、Sand和Clay均未达到统计学上的显著水平,但LFC分别与土壤pH、EC和SAR达到显著或极显著水平,说明LFC对土壤盐碱化较为敏感。(3)逐步回归分析表明,土壤全氮（TN）,总碳氮比（TOC/TN）对土壤TOC 、LFC和 HFC影响较大。（4）随撂荒时间延长,耕层土壤逐步趋于粗质化,粘粉粒含量不足,容重降低,盐碱化提高,不利于土壤有机碳的积累,随土层加深,粘粉粒含量提高,有助于土壤有机碳的固持。     

集约经营毛竹林土壤活性有机碳库研究

为了解毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳库发生的变化,采集了集约经营历史5～10年竹林的土壤样品进行分析,并与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较。研究结果表明:毛竹林集约经营后土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量都明显减少,与粗放经营毛竹林之间有显著差异(P<0.05),并且微生物量碳占总有机碳比例也显著降低,水溶性有机物质的分子量也明显变小。集约经营后竹林土壤矿化态碳数量及其占总有机碳比例增强,说明毛竹集约经营使土壤有机物质稳定性变差,矿化率增加。毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性碳、微生物量碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01),土壤各类有机碳含量与土壤全氮、水解氮含量间相关性也达显著或极显著水平。毛竹集约经营未改变各类有机碳的剖面变化特征。     

亚热带典型地区土壤全氮和地形、母岩的关系研究--以江西省兴国县为例

土壤具有内在的空间变异性,加上缺乏充足的数据,因而估算土壤全氮含量的空间分布比较困难。本次研究根据兴国县151个样点数据,揭示全氮(TN)含量的空间分布特征,分析TN和地形因子的相关关系,应用线性回归分析,建立回归模型。结果表明:表层土壤中TN含量平均值为1.06g/kg,千枚岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最高,为1.35g/kg;砂页岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最低,为0.88g/kg。空间分布上:TN含量在0.5～1.0g/kg的面积最大,为1583.7km2,TN含量在2.0g/kg以上的面积最小,为126.7km2。地形变量中坡向对土壤TN含量影响最大,TN含量和母岩、海拔、坡向存在着正相关关系,坡度和TN含量的相关关系不明显。利用线性回归模型,可以预测TN含量的空间分布。     

Hot spots,hot moments,and spatio-temporal controls on soil CO2 efflux in a water-limited ecosystem

Soil CO₂ efflux is the primary source of CO₂ emissions from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. The rates of this flux vary in time and space producing hot moments (sudden temporal high fluxes) and hot spots (spatially defined high fluxes), but these high reaction rates are rarely studied in conjunction with each other. We studied temporal and spatial variation of soil CO₂ efflux in a water-limited Mediterranean ecosystem in Baja California, Mexico. Soil CO₂ efflux increased 522% during a hot moment after rewetting of soils following dry summer months. Monthly precipitation was the primary driver of the seasonal trend of soil CO₂ efflux (including the hot moment) and through changes in soil volumetric water content (VWC) it influenced the relationship between CO₂ efflux and soil temperature. Geostatistical analyses showed that the spatial dependence of soil CO₂ efflux changed between two contrasting seasons (dry and wet). During the dry season high soil VWC was associated with high soil CO₂ efflux, and during the wet season the emergence of a hot spot of soil CO₂ efflux was associated with higher root biomass and leaf area index. These results suggest that sampling designs should accommodate for changes in spatial dependence of measured variables. The spatio-temporal relationships identified in this study are arguably different from temperate ecosystems where the majority of soil CO₂ efflux research has been done. This study provides evidence of the complexity of the mechanisms controlling the spatio-temporal variability of soil CO₂ efflux in water-limited ecosystems.     

典型喀斯特林地土壤养分空间变异的影响因素

为了探明喀斯特森林生态系统土壤养分空间异质性的成因及其对养分生物地球化学过程的指示意义,该研究以广西木论国家级自然保护区典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究对象,利用地统计学和经典统计方法分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征,并探讨了其主要影响因子。结果表明,研究区土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的块金值/基台值较大,分别为49.9%和28.6%,表现为中等程度的空间自相关,全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)的块金值/基台值较小,分别为10.4%和2.9%,表现为强烈的空间自相关,说明随机因素对TP和TK的影响相对较小;逐步回归分析表明,各环境因子对TK的方差解释最大,对SOC的方差解释最小。其中,土壤交换性Ca2+离子和凋落物中N含量是SOC和TN的主要控制因素,随着交换性Ca2+和凋落物中N含量升高,土壤SOC和TN积累增加;TP的控制因素比较单一,仅受凋落物中P含量影响。TK的影响因素比较复杂,除主要受交换性Ca2+控制外,凋落物N:P比、海拔高度和黏粒含量也有显著影响。     

Resource seeking strategies of zoosporic true fungi in heterogeneous soil habitats at the microscale level

Zoosporic true fungi have frequently been identified in samples from soil and freshwater ecosystems using baiting and molecular techniques. In fact some species can be components of the dominant groups of microorganisms in particular soil habitats. Yet these microorganisms have not yet been directly observed growing in soil ecosystems. Significant physical characteristics and features of the three-dimensional structures of soils which impact microorganisms at the microscale level are discussed. A thorough knowledge of soil structures is important for studying the distribution of assemblages of these fungi and understanding their ecological roles along spatial and temporal gradients. A number of specific adaptations and resource seeking strategies possibly give these fungi advantages over other groups of microorganisms in soil ecosystems. These include chemotactic zoospores, mechanisms for adhesion to substrates, rhizoids which can penetrate substrates in small spaces, structures which are resistant to environmental extremes, rapid growth rates and simple nutritional requirements. These adaptations are discussed in the context of the characteristics of soils ecosystems. Recent advances in instrumentation have led to the development of new and more precise methods for studying microorganisms in three-dimensional space. New molecular techniques have made identification of microbes possible in environmental samples.     

Ecosystem recovery after emission reductions: Sudbury,Canada

A case history is presented describing the ecosystem changes that accompanied the nearly 90% reduction of SO₂ and metal particulate emissions from Sudbury smelters during the past 25 years. The instances of severe ground-level fumigations that caused acute damage to vegetation in an area of approximately 1,000 km² have been nearly completely eliminated. Significant improvements in water quality have also occurred in many of the estimated 7,000 acid-damaged lakes. Several species of acid-sensitive phytoplankton, Zooplankton and insects have invaded lakes where improvements have occurred. Epiphytic lichens have reinvaded the former lichen desert that once extended out 7 km from the smelters. Sensitive species such as Evernia mesomorpha and Usnea hirta now exist throughout the area. The vascular plant communities have been relatively slow to recover in the most severely damaged terrestrial areas. Metal-tolerant grasses (e.g. Agrostis scabra. Deschampsia caespitosa) were the first species to invade the barrens. Acid- and metal-contamination of soil, severe microclimate conditions, and the damaging effects of insect pests appear to delay recovery of terrestrial ecosystems. Recovery rates of aquatic ecosystems are also affected by a suite of physical, chemical and biotic interactions and many lakes remain severely damaged.     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。     

中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.