神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

Modelling influenza A H5N1 vaccination strategy scenarios in the household poultry sector in Egypt

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) due to H5N1 virus was first reported in Egypt in February 2006; since then, the government has allowed avian influenza vaccination in poultry. The present study evaluated the impact of AI vaccination in terms of cumulative annual flock immunity (CAFI): the percentage of bird × weeks protected by immunity. This evaluation took account of the combined effects of vaccination coverage, vaccine efficacy (VE), and different characteristics of household poultry production on the effectiveness of the adopted vaccination strategy (VS), and provided alternative options for improvement. The evaluation used a population and vaccination model that calculates the CAFI. Participatory approaches were employed in 21 villages to develop the vaccination and flock parameters required for the model. The adopted VS were compared in the model with three alternative VS scenarios in terms of the CAFI. Vaccination coverage varied among villages but was generally low (between 1 and 48 %; median 14 %). Under the adopted VS, the CAFI predicted for the villages ranged from 2 to 31 %. It was concluded that despite the enormous effort put into rural household poultry AI vaccination by the Egyptian government, village CAFI is unlikely to be maintained at the levels required to significantly reduce the virus load and restrict transmission. In HPAI-endemic countries that consider AI vaccination as one of the disease control options, the high cost of mass AI vaccination campaigns and their achievable benefits must be compared with other available control measures, which may include targeted vaccination. Achievable vaccination coverage, VE and the different characteristics of commercial and household (village) poultry production are key parameters determining the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of different AI vaccination strategies.     

The impact of staphylococcal mastitis on the level of milk IL-6, lysozyme and nitric oxide

Mammary gland secretions derived from secretory cows infected with coagulase +ve Staphylococcus spp. was examined for the expression of IL-6, production of lysozyme and NO(x). The examined cows reflected 25 cases of subclinical mastitis and 15 cases of clinically mastitic animals. The IL-6 concentration in the subclinical animals was significantly higher (30.8 ng/ml) than the clinically manifested animals (18.0 ng/ml) and the normal cows (5.2n g/ml). On the other hand the level of lysozyme although significantly higher than the normal cows (6.9 microg/ml) yet its level in the subclinical animals (11.2 microg/ml) was lower than that estimated in the clinical animals (15.6 microg/ml). Similarly, the level of NO(x) in the normal animals was found to be 5.6 microM/ml to increase to 6.2 microM/ml in the subclinical mastitic animals and to significantly increase further to 11.5 microM/ml in the clinically affected cows. These results suggest the promising use of whey IL-6, lysozyme or/and NO concentration variabilities as prognostic parameters on the degree of the commencement of mastitis in cows.     

Occurrence of non-sorbitol fermenting, verocytotoxin-lacking Escherichia coli O157 on cattle farms

Escherichia coli O157 is often associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The verocytotoxins are considered to be the major virulence determinants. However, vt-negative E. coli O157 were recently isolated from patients with HUS. Several transmission routes to humans are described, but cattle feces are the primary source from which both the food supply and the environment become contaminated with E. coli O157.In a prevalence study performed on dairy, beef, mixed dairy/beef and veal farms in the summer of 2007, vt-negative isolates were detected on 11.8% (8/68) of the positive farms. From these eight farms, a total of 43 sorbitol-negative E. coli O157:H7 were collected. On five farms, only strains negative for the vt genes were present whereas both vt-negative and vt-positive strains could be detected on three other farms. Further characterization revealed that all isolates carried the eaeA and hlyA genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of all isolates resulted in nine different PFGE types and within the vt-negative strains, four different genotypes were identified, indicating that certain genetic clones are widespread over the cattle population.