中亚热带2种原始兰科植物对变化光环境的响应与适应

金佛山兰为国家二级保护植物 ,个体数极少 ,仅见于南川金佛山及附近的稀疏马尾松林下 ,并只与其亲缘种金兰生长在一起。在温室内 ,模拟研究了金佛山兰和金兰对不同强度变化光环境的响应与适应。结果表明 :①在强光下利用便携式光合仪长时间观测植物的光合速率时 ,由于温度的影响 ,应使用温控系统才能获得更准确结果。②对于PAR 80 0到 2 0 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 之间任何强度的光照变化 ,金佛山兰和金兰的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2 浓度、气孔导度和水分利用率均保持相对稳定 ,表现出对大幅度变化光环境较好的适应性 ;对于逐渐遮荫至 10 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 左右 ,金佛山兰和金兰均以降低水分利用率、提高光能利用率来适应变化的光环境。③不同强度的间断遮荫对二者光合速率等的影响程度不同。 2种原始兰花的净光合速率随间断遮荫均先迅速降至最低 ,然后逐渐回升 ,在恢复光照后 ,金兰比金佛山兰能更快地恢复光合作用 ;蒸腾速率随间断遮荫迅速降低 ,恢复光照后 ,大多能迅速恢复至遮荫前水平。恢复光照后 ,二者的气孔导度出现不同程度的降低。间断遮荫能导致二者胞间CO2 浓度升高约 2 0 %以上 ,恢复光照后 ,大多能迅速恢复到原有水平。所有这些 ,都反映了金佛山兰和金兰对所在地区变化光     

Effects of the interaction between drought and shade on water relations, gas exchange and morphological traits in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings

The combined effect of drought and light on different physiological and biochemical traits was assessed in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings grown under two levels of light availability and submitted to a long-standing drought. Watering was withdrawn after germination and seedlings were allowed to dry to a water content of ca. 50% of field capacity. At this point, water-stressed seedlings were grown under moderate drought and two light regimes: high light (HL—50%) and low light (LL—2%). Soil water in control plants was kept close to field capacity (90–100%) for both light environments. Water-relations parameters derived from P–V curves, gas exchange and water status at predawn (Ψ_pd) were evaluated at twice during the experiment. Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the same leaves used for the gas exchange measurements. In addition, maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (J_max) were derived from A–C_i curves in well-watered seedlings.

The variation on moisture availability during the experiment was the same under both light environments. In control plants, Ψ_pd was over −0.3 MPa at the two harvests, while stressed seedlings decreased to −0.9 MPa, with no differences between light treatments. Water stress decreased osmotic potentials at full (Ψπ₁₀₀) and zero turgor (Ψπ₀). The regressions between both potentials and Ψ_pd showed a higher intercept in shade grown seedlings. This fact will point out the higher osmoregulation capacity in sun seedlings whatever water availability.

Nitrogen investment on a per leaf mass (N_mass), chlorophyll content (Chl_mass) and SLA tended to show a typical pattern of sun-shade acclimation. Thus, the three parameters increased with shade. Only for N_mass there was a significant effect of watering, since water stress increased N_mass.

LL plants showed a lower photosynthetic capacity in terms of maximum net photosynthesis at saturating light (A_max), which was related to a decrease in V_cmax and J_max. Both parameters varied with specific leaf area (SLA) in a similar way. The low-light environment brought about a higher nitrogen investment in chlorophyll, while under high-light environment the investment was higher in carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (F_max).

Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g_wv) and A_max were lower in low-light seedlings independently of watering. In addition, there was a trend to keep higher intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) under high light environment. The increase of IWUE under water stress was higher in HL seedlings. This was as consequence of the steeper decline in g_wv as Ψ_pd decreased. The decrease of A_max with Ψ_pd occurred in a similar way in LL and HL seedlings. Thus, the HL seedlings tended to sustain a higher ability to increase IWUE than LL seedlings when they were submitted to the same water stress.     

千叶兰耐荫性的研究

千叶兰(Muehlewbeckiacomplera)是2002年从国外引入的一种室内垂吊观叶花卉。本文对千叶兰耐荫性做了实验研究。在不同的光照强度(0.14-946.00靘olm-2s-1)条件下设置五个试验区域。在试验区培养40天后,用LI-COR6400测定其功能叶的光合特性,绘制光-光合作用曲线,计算光补偿点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率,测定其叶面积与叶片数的生长量。实验结果表明:千叶兰生长在光照强度为9.26-569.00靘olm-2s-1(463-28150lx,16-22℃,RH46%-60%)时较适宜,光合效率最高,生长最佳。千叶兰的光照习性属于较喜光,但忌光照强度为569.00靘olm-2s-1以上的强光直射。虽然千叶兰具有耐半荫性,但在光照强度为0.16-19.22靘olm-2s-1(8-961lx)的条件下(晴天每天光照强度达10靘olm-2s-1,光照时间为6小时以上),才能够生长新叶。表4参8。     

粪肠球菌替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、血液生化指标和免疫器官的影响

本试验在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同水平的粪肠球菌,研究其替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数和腹泻率、血液生化指标以及免疫器官的影响。选取120头(28±2)日龄平均体重为(7.60±0.81)kg的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,每组6个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复4头,每个重复为1圈。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加100mg/kg硫酸黏菌素和400 mg/kg杆菌肽锌,3个粪肠球菌组分别在基础饲粮中添加40、200和1 000 mg/kg粪肠球菌,试验期31 d。试验结果显示:1)在1~14 d,饲粮中添加抗生素和粪肠球菌对断奶仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)以及料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。在15~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI和ADG(P0.01)。在1~31 d,与对照组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADFI均极显著提高(P0.01),而ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01);与抗生素组相比,1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI(P0.01),而200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01)。2)在1~14 d,与对照组相比,40 mg/kg组的腹泻指数和腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。在15~31 d和1~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,40和1 000 mg/kg组均可在一定程度上降低腹泻率(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,粪肠球菌可以显著提高血液中总蛋白含量(P0.05),其中200和1 000 mg/kg组达到极显著水平(P0.01),且这2组分别可以显著和极显著提高球蛋白含量(P0.05和P0.01)。与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可以显著提高总蛋白含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和1 000 mg/kg组的白球比显著降低(P0.05),另外,抗生素组血液中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05),200 mg/kg组的谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,1 000 mg/kg组的肝脏重量和脾脏指数有一定程度的提高(P0.05),与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可显著提高肝脏重量(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加粪肠球菌可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能(饲喂15~31 d),降低腹泻率,提高仔猪免疫力,其中添加量为1 000 mg/kg时效果最好。     

肠道菌群对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态和免疫器官发育的影响

本试验旨在以"无菌鸡"为模型,研究添加鸡源性乳酸菌和盲肠内容物后,对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态及免疫器官发育的影响。试验选用无特定病原体(SPF)种蛋80枚,经无菌孵化后,选择健康仔鸡60羽,分3组(每组20羽),转入3台无菌隔离器内饲养,并分别饲喂:无菌饲粮(CT组)、无菌饲粮+乳酸菌液(LB组)、无菌饲粮+鸡盲肠内容物(CC组);饲养21 d后试验结束,于试验7、14、21日齡从各组取6只进行屠宰,测定鸡肠道各段长度和免疫器官重量,并对肠道黏膜形态显微观察。结果显示:饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物的仔鸡各阶段中的空肠长度均高于CT组,盲肠长度和体积均低于CT组的无菌鸡;仔鸡的脾脏指数高于CT组(P=0.010);饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物后仔鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠隐窝深度降低、绒毛高度/隐窝深度增大。本试验说明,饲喂肠道菌群能促进仔鸡肠道发育,盲肠体积变小;同时促进脾脏的发育,提高机体免疫力。     

The interaction between maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in broiler diets

This study investigated whether offspring from n‐3‐supplemented breeders have an enhanced performance and immune organ weight when fed a post‐hatch n‐3‐enriched diet in comparison with their control‐fed counterparts and the importance of timing of omega‐3 supplementation. Therefore, 480 Ross‐308 broiler breeder hens were fed one of four different diets (120/treatment). The control diet (CON) was a basal diet, rich in n‐6 fatty acids (FA). The three other diets were enriched in n‐3 FA, formulated to obtain a different EPA/DHA ratio of 1/1 (EPA = DHA), 1/2 (DHA) or 2/1 (EPA). At 33 weeks of age, eggs were incubated to obtain 1440 offspring. They were set up according to their maternal diet and sex in 48 pens of 30 chicks each (12 pens per maternal treatment: six male and six female). Half of the offspring were given a post‐hatch control diet, whereas to other half received an n‐3‐supplemented diet. Zootechnical performance was followed for starter, grower and finisher phase, and at the end of each phase two, chicks per pen were sacrificed to determine the weight of the immune organs. No interaction was found between maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 treatment for zootechnical performance. An interaction arose between the maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 supplementation for proportional bursa weight at day 1 and day 14 and proportional liver weight at day 14, but effects on immune organ weight were rather limited. Offspring post‐hatch n‐3 supplementation did not enhance maternal n‐3 supplementation.     

凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响。选用312只1日龄科宝500肉鸡公雏,随机分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复13只鸡。采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,产气荚膜梭菌分为无感染产气荚膜梭菌组和感染产气荚膜梭菌组,日粮中凝结芽孢杆菌水平分别为0和400mg/kg。试验期35d。结果表明,感染产气荚膜梭菌后15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),28日龄肠道病变严重(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著降低(P0.01);日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可显著提高15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05),能缓解感染导致的肠道损伤(P0.05),28日龄肉鸡胸腺指数极显著提高(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著提高(P0.01)。肠道病变结果分析表明,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌与感染产气荚膜梭菌有显著交互作用(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌能够提高感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能及免疫器官指数,增强动物免疫能力,并能缓解由于产气荚膜梭菌感染而导致的不利影响。     

枸杞多糖对雏鸡新城疫免疫效果的影响

为了研究枸杞多糖对雏鸡的免疫调节作用,将400羽1日龄雏鸡随机分为A、B、C、D共4组。7日龄时,分别给予A、B组雏鸡灌服10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg的枸杞多糖各5 m L,C、D组灌服同等剂量的生理盐水。给药的同时,A、B、C组滴鼻和点眼免疫新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗,D组不作处理。分别于7、14、21、28和35日龄时,采用微量法HI试验测定各组雏鸡新城疫抗体效价。分别于免疫后的第7、14、21、28和35天,计算各组雏鸡的免疫器官指数。试验结果显示,A、B组的新城疫抗体效价和各免疫器官指数明显高于C、D组,提示枸杞多糖对鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫效果具有明显的增强作用,且能够促进雏鸡中枢及外周免疫器官的发育。     

优化碳同化实现作物高光效研究进展

随着全球人口的持续增长和耕地面积的不断减少,人类生存所面临的粮食危机越来越严重。进一步提高作物产量是保障我国粮食生产安全的重要途径。光合作用是作物产量形成的物质基础,采用现代育种技术以提高作物光合效率为中心的作物改良被认为是新一轮的“绿色革命”。本文从提高Rubisco羧化活性、将C₄光合途径引入C₃作物、降低光呼吸碳耗损等方面,介绍了优化改进植物光合碳同化领域的研究进展、存在的瓶颈问题,以及提高作物光合效率的实践应用;对当前改善植物光合碳同化的研究重点和方向进行了展望。     

羊栖菜马尾藻光合作用与水温、光强的关系

羊栖菜马尾藻在不同水温、光强下，光合作用各有其明显的规律性，有适宜的水温和光强范围。光合作用的适宜水温约为１５－２５℃，而以２０℃为最适水温。光饱和产争光合速度随水温２０，１５，２５，１０℃依次降低。根据测定结果，本文对其在羊栖菜马尾藻生产上的合理应用，促使养殖技术和产量的提高，进行了探讨。