小麦-玉米轮作体系中秸秆还田方式对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响

【目的】探讨小麦-玉米轮作体系下不同秸秆还田方式对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响,旨在为促进小麦-玉米连续轮作区的农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】在陕西关中地区,于2008-2010年采用2年4季的田间定位试验,以玉米秸秆不还田-小麦秸秆不还田为对照（CK）,比较玉米秸秆覆盖还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田（T₁）、玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田（T₂）、玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆直接还田（T₃）3种秸秆还田方式对土壤碳储量、养分含量及作物周年产量的影响。【结果】与CK相比,3种秸秆还田方式下耕层（0～20 cm）土壤总有机碳储量（C_T）、土壤活性有机碳储量（C_L）、土壤碳库管理指数（CMI）及土壤全磷、硝态氮、速效钾含量和作物周年产量均增加。3种秸秆还田方式对C_T、C_L及CMI的影响表现为T₃>T₂>T₁;对作物周年产量的影响则表现为T₂>T₃>T₁;对土壤养分的影响无明显规律性,但是对速效钾含量的影响表现为T₂>T₃>T₁。【结论】综合考虑,在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作体系中,玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田模式（T₂）是较优的耕作方式。     

2009—2019年红壤典型区水稻土有机碳组分库时空变化

为及时掌握土壤有机碳组分库的时空变化,本研究基于历史采样信息开展新一轮土壤样品采集,进行100 d土壤呼吸培养实验,借助三库一级动力学模型,获得土壤活性碳库大小（C_a）、缓效性碳库大小（C_s）和惰性碳库大小（C_r）,以揭示2009—2019年江西省东乡地区表层水稻土C_a、C_s和C_r的时空变化及主要影响因子。结果表明：2009—2019年研究区表层水稻土平均总有机碳（TOC）、C_a和C_s减少,而平均C_r增加;TOC、C_a、C_s和Cr的变化速率分别为-0.04、-0.02、-0.07 g·kg^-1·a^-1和0.05 g·kg^-1·a^-1（P>0.05）。土壤属性对2019年东乡地区表层水稻土TOC、C_a和C_r的空间变异影响较小,而土壤全氮（TN）对TOC、C_s和C_r的变异均有较大贡献,在制定水稻土固碳措施时,应关注土壤N含量的协同变异。此外,近10年来研究区北部和中部地区水稻土有机碳组分变化幅度较大,而西南和东南地区变化幅度较小,因此,未来红壤区水稻土固碳应重视各有机碳组分的时空分异。     

膜下调亏灌溉对戈壁荒漠区基质槽培辣椒光合特性的影响

为探求膜下调亏灌溉对戈壁荒漠区基质槽培辣椒光合特性的调控效应，以‘陇椒11号’为试材，对辣椒苗期、初花期、初果期和盛果期分别进行亏缺灌溉，分析不同水分亏缺处理对基质槽培辣椒耗水的影响及其叶片光合特性对不同生育期水分调控的响应。结果表明，盛果期耗水量占全生育期最大，是基质槽栽培辣椒全生育期需水关键期。适时适度的水分亏缺灌溉可提高基质槽栽培辣椒的光合特性和适应能力，而苗期和盛果期的水分亏缺程度对辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r和C_i影响最大；水分亏缺导致辣椒光合速率下降是由气孔因素引起的。综合分析表明，适期适度的水分亏缺灌溉可提高辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r和C_i，节约水资源。通过水分调控将基质含水量苗期和盛果期控制在70%~80%，初花期和初果期分别控制在50%~60%和60%~70%，可显著提高辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s和C_i，节约灌溉用水，是戈壁荒漠区秋冬茬基质槽栽培辣椒适宜的滴灌水分调控模式。     

半姊妹轮回选择对长穗大粒群体若干性状的选择效果

1983～1989年用半姊妹法完成了3轮轮回选择,结果表明C₁、C₂、C₃较C₀分别增产7.8%、11.3%和22.7%,株高分别降低了18.7cm、7.1cm和6.3cm,穗位高和生育期无显著变化.伴随产量的提高,其相关性状:果穗长、千粒重和行粒数显著增加,穗行数、穗粗、出籽率基本稳定.统计分析表明,产量与穗长、千粒重变化呈显著正相关.     

茶园多植物覆盖种植对土壤酶活性和有机碳矿化特征的影响

为量化不同覆盖作物种植模式对茶园土壤酶活性及有机碳矿化特征的影响，以湖北省十堰市郧阳区谭家湾茶园为研究对象开展覆盖作物多样性试验，设置四种覆盖作物种植模式：无覆盖作物（A0）、2种覆盖作物（A1）、4种覆盖作物（A2）、8种覆盖作物（A3），测定茶园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的土壤酶活性、有机碳矿化速率以及累积矿化量，并对其进行一级动力学方程拟合，得出有机碳潜在矿化势（C_p）和矿化常数（k）。结果发现，覆盖作物种植小区的土壤酶活性均高于对照小区，0~20 cm土层的酶活性均高于20~40 cm，不同覆盖作物类型对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的影响具有显著差异（P<0.05），但对土壤磷酸酶没有显著影响。与过氧化氢酶相比，土壤脲酶、磷酸酶是更重要的土壤碳循环参与者，其活性与有机碳矿化作用之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），在土壤有机碳分解转化过程中具有重要作用。各处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率均呈现先升高后降低最后趋于平稳的趋势，0~20 cm土层的土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均高于20~40 cm土层。0~20 cm土层C_p/k表现为A1 > A2 > A3 > A0，20~40 cm土层C_p/k表现为A1 > A2 > A0 > A3，两土层均以A1的土壤有机碳矿化作用最强。A1的微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳均高于其他处理，为作物生长发育提供了充足的养分，pH值也最高，有利于阻抗土壤酸化。     

转pepc基因油菜及其光合生理表现

采用下胚轴侵染法和花序浸染法将玉米C₄型pepc光合基因导入到甘蓝型油菜中,对转基因植株进行PCR鉴定并测定磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性及其相关光合生理指标。结果表明,2种转基因方法均能将玉米C₄型pepc基因导入油菜中。转pepc基因油菜的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）平均活性比原种提高17倍左右,净光合速率（P_n）比原种提高15.5%,胞间CO₂摩尔分数（C_i）比原种降低35%。表明pepc基因在转基因油菜中得到高效表达。     

不同氮肥运筹对直播稻田氮素损失与利用的影响

为探讨不同类型氮肥按不同基蘖肥比例配施对直播稻田径流氮流失、氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响,本研究开展了田间小区试验,设置了7个施氮处理,即不施氮肥的空白对照（CK）、普通复合肥（基肥）与尿素（分蘖肥）基蘖肥配比4∶6（U₄₀）和6∶4（U₆₀）、控释掺混肥（基肥）与尿素（分蘖肥）基蘖肥配比 7∶3（C₇₀）和 10∶0（C₁₀₀）、海藻多糖尿素基蘖肥配比 4∶6（H₄₀）和 6∶4（H₆₀）,每个处理设置3个重复。结果表明：径流氮流失量主要集中在基肥施入后,以铵态氮（NH⁺₄-N）为主,与U₆₀处理相比,C₁₀₀、H₆₀、U₄₀、C₇₀和H₄₀处理总氮流失量分别减少了 7.20%、13.36%、24.30%、26.41%和 35.92%;不同氮肥之间的氨挥发损失量和损失率呈现出普通复合肥与尿素配施处理>海藻多糖尿素处理>控释掺混肥与尿素配施处理;与U₆₀处理相比,U₄₀、H₆₀、H₄₀、C₇₀和C₁₀₀处理的氨挥发总损失量分别降低了 7.89%、20.81%、27.84%、42.08% 和 47.00%,C₇₀、C₁₀₀处理降低效果显著（P<0.05）;与 U₆₀、C₁₀₀和 H₆₀处理相比,U₄₀、C₇₀和H₄₀处理径流的总氮流失量分别降低了24.30%、20.70%和26.04%。氮肥后移的U₄₀、C₇₀和H₄₀处理的径流氮流失及氨挥发损失均有所降低,且不影响产量;C₇₀处理产量和氮肥农学利用率均为最高,分别为 9 116.67 kg·hm^-2和 29.64 kg·kg^-1,且氮肥表观利用率为41.99%。研究表明,C₇₀和C₁₀₀处理均能显著降低稻田径流氮流失,减少氨挥发损失,提高氮肥利用率和直播稻产量。综合考虑产量及环境影响,以控释掺混肥（基肥）与尿素（分蘖肥）按基蘖肥比7∶3配施更值得推广。     

光质对杉木幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

为探明4种光质处理对杉木幼苗的光合参数的影响,以1年生的优良无性系020扦插苗为试验材料,设置4种光质,8个梯度的光强;通过室内光质培育,研究杉木幼苗的光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（C_WUE）等参数,并对各种光质与光强数据进行拟合分析,建立拟合模型。结果表明,在弱光环境下,蓝光和红:蓝(1:1)对杉木幼苗的光合参数的影响显著,而在强光下,红光的作用显著。红光处理下的杉木幼苗的光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、水分利用效率（C_WUE）等方面与其他光质处理有差异,而在胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）方面虽然略低于蓝光,但蓝光、红光和红:蓝(1:1)3种光质处理结果的差异性不显著。在光强与光质的拟合方面,气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）和蒸腾速率（T_r）的拟合性较好。因此,一定程度上的红:蓝(1:1)光对杉木的光合参数有促进作用。     

外源C4-PEPC对水稻粒形和稻米品质及成分的影响

【目的】磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC）参与植物碳代谢,并且在碳氮耦合代谢调节过程中扮演着重要角色。分析导入外源C₄-PEPC对水稻稻谷粒形和稻米品质及成分变化的影响,进一步阐明C₄-PEPC在C₃植物水稻中的作用。【方法】以航2号（对照）和转C₄-PEPC水稻为材料,采用万深SC-G型自动考种及千粒重分析仪分析稻谷的粒形,采用电镜扫描观察稻米内部淀粉粒结构,参照标准米质测定方法测定稻米品质(直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值);同时,测定稻米中支链淀粉、蔗糖、可溶性总糖及碳氮的含量,并采用高效液相色谱法测定稻米中的氨基酸含量。【结果】粒形分析表明,与对照航2号相比,转C₄-PEPC水稻的谷粒明显较短较窄,其长、宽、周长及千粒质量也明显较小。电镜扫描显示,航2号淀粉粒排列紧密,而转C₄-PEPC稻米淀粉粒排列明显比较松散。转C₄-PEPC株系稻米中直链淀粉含量明显较低,而支链淀粉含量明显较高,胶稠度和碱消值与对照无明显差别,垩白率和垩白度降低,蔗糖和可溶性糖含量极显著降低。转C₄-PEPC稻米的总氮含量明显较低,其中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、胱氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸等14种氨基酸含量明显较低,而其余3种氨基酸,即脯氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸含量与对照无明显差别。【结论】导入外源C₄-PEPC后,水稻谷粒变小,淀粉粒排列松散,稻米中直链淀粉、蔗糖、可溶性糖、总氮及大部分氨基酸含量降低,而支链淀粉含量升高。     

喀斯特适生植物土人参的光合日变化

为探明喀斯特适生植物土人参光合作用日进程特征及其关键影响因子,为土人参的科学栽培提供理论依据,采用Li 6400光合作用测定系统测定土人参叶片光合生理生态特性及环境因子日变化,并进行系统分析。结果表明,一天中,土人参气孔导度（G_s）为3峰曲线;胞间CO₂摩尔分数（C_i）大致为“V”字型曲线;蒸腾速率（T_r）为双峰曲线;水分利用效率（WUE）与光能利用效率（LUE）早间最高,总体上逐渐下降。土人参净光合速率（P_n）日进程大致表现为双峰曲线,第1峰（峰值9.82 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）出现在9:00左右,第2峰（峰值9.25 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）出现在16:00左右,光合“午休”现象较为明显。相关分析、回归分析及通径分析表明,土人参P_n与空气相对湿度（RH）、G_s、T_r以及光合有效辐射（PAR）显著正相关,而与C_i显著负相关;光合“午休”的原因主要为气孔关闭引起的气孔限制因素;G_s、C_i及T_r是P_n的关键影响因子,G_s影响最大,C_i与T_r次之。     

多效唑对大豆植株光合机构和光合速率的影响

以大豆(cv.Q_(14-6-9),秋7-1)为材料研究了不同浓度(50,100,200,300 ppm)多效唑(MET)对光合机构、叶片光合速率和呼吸速率的影响.其中,100ppm处理效应最佳,其叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b比值显著地提高,处理叶的叶面积较对照有所减少,但增加了叶片厚度,叶重/叶面积比值和叶片栅栏组织厚度,叶绿体形状由椭圆变成圆形,叶绿体内基粒较大,片层增加,垛叠增厚且排列紧密,淀粉粒明显较小,叶片光合速率显著提高而叶片呼吸速率却明显降低.     

Heterosis of maize photosynthetic performance

Four maize inbred lines with different photosynthetic rates and their two hybrids were used as test materials, and the diurnal variations of their photosynthesis parameters in the silking stage were measured to study the heterosis of photosynthetic performance. Results showed that net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) all presented an obvious single-peaked curve in a day, with the peak values occurring at 10:00–12:00, 12:00, 10:00–12:00 a.m., respectively, while water use efficiency (WUE) had a “V” type variant trend, with the lowest value appearing at 12:00. The diurnal variation of Pn and Tr was correlated markedly with Gs, suggesting that Gs played an important role in regulating the diurnal variation of Pn and Tr, and Pn, Tr and Gs had a higher heterosis in the afternoon than in the morning, while the WUE was in reverse, indicating that maize hybrid had higher resistance to the high temperature and dehydration in the afternoon, which provided a new path to select varieties with a high net photosynthetic rate. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(5): 1049–1054 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Environmental control of photosynthetic enhancement

The transition from granular to homogeneous chloroplasts in vivo in Egeria densa caused by environmental conditions was paralleled by a decrease in photosynthetic enhancement from 30 percent to nearly zero. The drop in enhancement can be explained either by a change in the partitioning of light energy between the two photosystems or a change to a single photosystem.     

Chromatic adaptation of photosynthetic membranes

Many biological membranes adapt in response to environmental conditions. We investigated how the composition and architecture of photosynthetic membranes of a bacterium change in response to light, using atomic force microscopy. Despite large modifications in the membrane composition, the local environment of core complexes remained unaltered, whereas specialized paracrystalline light-harvesting antenna domains grew under low-light conditions. Thus, the protein mixture in the membrane shows eutectic behavior and can be mimicked by a simple model. Such structural adaptation ensures efficient photon capture under low-light conditions and prevents photodamage under high-light conditions.     

Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature

It seems likely that turbulence under natural conditions, both aquatic and terrestrial, is higher than it is in the bottles or leaf chambers used when photosynthesis is measured experimentally. Most of the maximal photosynthetic rates reported in the literature are probably lower than those which occur in nature.     

Whole-genome analysis of photosynthetic prokaryotes

The process of photosynthesis has had profound global-scale effects on Earth; however, its origin and evolution remain enigmatic. Here we report a whole-genome comparison of representatives from all five groups of photosynthetic prokaryotes and show that horizontal gene transfer has been pivotal in their evolution. Excluding a small number of orthologs that show congruent phylogenies, the genomes of these organisms represent mosaics of genes with very different evolutionary histories. We have also analyzed a subset of "photosynthesis-specific" genes that were elucidated through a differential genome comparison. Our results explain incoherencies in previous data-limited phylogenetic analyses of phototrophic bacteria and indicate that the core components of photosynthesis have been subject to lateral transfer.     

Adaptation of photosynthetic processes to stress

I have focused on examples of plant adaptations to environmental conditions that range from adjustments in the allocation of metabolic resources and modification of structural components to entirely separate mechanisms. The result of these modifications is more efficient performance under the stresses typically encountered in the plants' native habitats. Such adaptations, for reasons which are not entirely clear, often lead to poorer performance in other environmental conditions. This situation may be a fundamental basis for the tendency toward specialization among plants native to specific niches or habitats. The evolutionary mechanisms that have resulted in these specializations are very large-scale processes. It seems reasonable to suppose that the plants native to particular habitats are relatively efficient in terms of the limitations imposed by those habitats, and that the adaptive mechanisms these plants possess are, compared to those which have evolved in competing organisms, the most succesful biological means of coping with the environmental stresses encountered. I believe that we can learn from nature and utilize the adaptive mechanisms of these plants in agriculture to replace in part our present reliance on resources and energy to modify the environment for plant growth. By analogy with natural systems, improved resource utilization will require specialization and greater knowledge of the limitations of a particular environment and plant genotype. For example, the cultural conditions, plant architecture, and physiological responses necessary to achieve high water use efficiency from our crop species with C(4) photosynthesis probably differ from those required to achieve maximum total growth. Also, efforts to control water application to eliminate waste carry with them the risk that the crop could be injured by inadequate water. Thus, greater demands would be placed on the crop physiologist, the plant breeder, and the farmer. Planting and appropriate management of adapted crop genotypes could enable cultivation of many areas presently considered unusable because of environmental extremes or shortage of resources, and may lead to more efficient resource utilization on land already under cultivation. The costs or benefits of this cannot yet be estimated. However, I suspect that the greatest potential for application of such techniques will be in the developing rather than the developed regions of the world. The genetic and functional diversity of plants is a tremendous biological resource. The capacity of plants to adjust in the future to changing environmental conditions depends on this diversity and on evolutionary processes of nature. Wild plants may provide a source of genetic material to improve crop plants. Also, as advocated by McKell (22), wild plants can be utilized to a greater extent directly by man. Long-term research efforts and commitment to preserve natural habitats and their populations of wild plants will be required to maintain and more effectively utilize this resource.     

李光合特性的研究

以“绥李三号”成龄树为试材,测定了光合作用的日变化和季节变化以及叶位和叶方位对净光合速率(Pn)的影响。结果表明,李树Pn的日变化为典型的中午降低型双峰曲线;季节变化亦呈双峰曲线。李树叶片负值期为5～6d,叶龄为25～28d时Pn达最大值。不同叶位Pn存在较大差异。叶方位也是影响叶片光合性能的重要因素之一。