两种原始兰科植物生理生态特征的比较

金佛山兰 (Tangtsiniananchuanica)为国家二级保护植物 ,野外个体数量极稀少 ,仅见于重庆南川金佛山及附近的稀疏马尾松林下 ,并且仅与其亲源种金兰 (Cephalantherafalcata)生长在一起。对比研究了生长在温室内的金佛山兰和金兰的多项生理生态指标。结果表明 ,金佛山兰与金兰只在气孔导度、水分利用率及胞间CO2 浓度方面有显著差异。金佛山兰的净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、光补偿点、光饱和点、光能利用率和水分利用率分别为 6.1 6(± 0 .4) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .47(± 0 .0 4) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 .7(±0 .2 )mmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .1 1 4(± 0 .0 2 )mol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 6(± 2 9) μmol·mol- 1 、1 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 0μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、9.6(± 0 .9) %、3 1 (± 0 2 )mmolCO2 ·mol- 1 H2 O ;金兰的各项值分别为 5 .8(±1 .1 ) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .45 (± 0 .0 6) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 .6(± 0 .3 )mmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .1 0 1 (± 0 .0 3 )mol·m- 2 s- 1 、1 73 (± 5 1 ) μmol·mol- 1 、1 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、9.1 (± 1 .1 ) %、2 .7(± 0 .7)mmolCO2 ·mol- 1 H2 O。在温室内晴     

蒟蒻薯净光合速率与蒸腾速率日变化

在晴天条件下,研究了蒟蒻薯(Tacca chantrieri)生长期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率。结果表明,蒟蒻薯净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,光合"午休"现象明显;气孔导度的降低会引起蒸腾速率的降低;蒸腾速率日变化也呈双峰曲线,平均蒸腾速率为0.186mmol.m-2.s-1,平均水分利用率为12.071μmol CO2/mmol H2O。     

城市观赏树种桂花的光合特性初步研究

用LI-COR6400 便携式光合作用测定仪系统研究园林观赏树种桂花的光合特性,结果表明:①桂花叶片的光补偿点为21靘ol photons m-2·s-1,最大净光合速率为3.8靘ol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为1 748靘ol photons m-2·s-1。②桂花叶片的净光合速率(Photo)日变化为单峰曲线,与光合有效辐射(PAR)的日变化走势一致。③相关分析表明:净光合速率与气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Trmmol)、光合有效辐射成显著的正相关,而与饱和蒸汽压差(Vpdl)成显著的负相关;主成分分析表明:光照、温度是光合作用的主导因子,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面的相对湿度(Rhs)对净光合速率影响也较大;逐步线形回归表明:净光合速率主要受到叶片温度(Tleaf)和胞间CO2浓度的影响。     

不同遮荫条件下全红杨光合特性研究

用遮荫网分0%、70%、85%的遮荫度,用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,测定全红杨叶片的净光合速率等光合指标,绘制了各指标日变化及光响应曲线图,选用Mitscheriich指数函数关系计算光补偿点和光饱和点。结果表明:不同遮荫条件下全红杨净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,日平均净光合速率大小趋势为:0%=70%85%;净光合速率与光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均呈正相关关系,光合"午休"是由气孔因素而引起的;全光照条件下光补偿点和光饱和点分别为1和320μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),有C3荫性植物特征;全红杨不耐晒,但具有一定的耐荫性,可以栽植在轻度遮荫的地方,叶色不"返绿",长势也良好。     

两个金银花品种光合作用日变化的比较

为了了解‘济草堂1号’和‘九丰1号’金银花光合作用日变化的差异,采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪对10月和11月2个品种的光合特性日变化进行观测。结果表明:‘济草堂1号’的净光合速率均值为7.84μmol·m-2s-1,大于‘九丰1号’(7.66μmol·m-2s-1)。2个品种金银花的气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和水分利用率均存在一定差异,其中‘济草堂1号’金银花平均的气孔导度为0.22mol·m-2s-1、胞间CO2浓度为282.915μmol·mmol-1、蒸腾速率为3.42mmol·m-2s-1、气孔限制值为0.295%、水分利用率为2.265μmol·mmol-1,‘九丰1号’金银花平均的气孔导度为0.205mmol·m-2s-1、胞间CO2浓度为275.685μmol·mmol-1、蒸腾速率为3.53mmol·m-2s-1、气孔限制值为0.315%、水分利用率为2.165μmol·mmol-1。2个品种金银花净光合效率日变化均为双峰,其它光合特征参数日变化与之呈相对应的规律。     

夜间照明对紫丁香光合作用的影响

利用CI-320便携式光合测定仪于白天10:30～12:00、夜间20:30～21:50测定试验组(16 h光照)和对照组(12 h光照)叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度,并用图像扫描法测定叶面积,结果表明:在夜间灯光照射下,紫丁香夜间光合速率平均值为2.835 6 umol.m-2.s-1,胞间CO2浓度显著减少。同时,在白天,实验组叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著高于对照组,胞间CO2浓度与对照组无显著差异。夜间照明并未引起叶面积产生显著变化。     

木荷幼苗对常绿阔叶林不同光环境的光合响应

在夏季晴天,对生长在旷地、林窗和林下的木荷幼苗光合作用的日变化、光响应曲线及对短暂遮荫的响应等进行观测,结果表明:(1)旷地的日平均光合有效辐射约为1 230 μmol·m-2·s-1,分别是林窗和林下的1.7和12.3倍左右,并且旷地的气温显著大于林窗和林下的,而空气相对湿度却明显低于其它2个光环境;(2)木荷幼苗在旷地和林窗均出现光合"午休"现象,旷地木荷"午休"时净光合速率的降幅约60%,而林窗的降幅约为30%;旷地中木荷幼苗的最大净光合速率约为17.8 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,约是林窗和林下的1.8和3.4倍;此外,木荷幼苗的光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率均随环境光强的增大而增大;(3)短暂遮荫时,随着光合有效辐射的降低,各光环境中木荷幼苗的气孔导度和蒸腾速率不断降低,胞间CO2浓度逐渐升高,水分利用率在旷地和林窗中呈下降趋势,而在林下一定低光范围内(约130～800 μmol·m-2·s-1)则维持了较高水平;(4)受光斑照射时,光斑区域的光合有效辐射和净光合速率分别比受光斑前以及未受光斑区域提高了10倍和4倍以上.     

不同产量类型油茶无性系光合特性的研究Ⅳ—花期

以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种3种类型为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统在花期对其净光合速率(rnpr)、蒸腾速率(rtr)等日变化及光合-光响应曲线进行了比较研究。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线存在单峰和双峰两种类型,双峰曲线存在光合午休现象,光合午休是造成普通品种产量低的原因之一;3个品种上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"一降不起"的单峰曲线;3个品种的最大净光合速率10.561～14.716μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光饱和点在705～754μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光补偿点在45～60μmol.m-2.s-1之间;逐步回归分析表明:影响高产品种叶片rnpr的主导因子为光合有效辐射和叶面相对湿度;气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受光合有效辐射的影响。     

油茶无性系果实成熟期光合特性的研究

为了从光合生理方面了解油茶新品种的产量性状,以油茶无性系高产品种、中产品种和普通品种为试材,采用LI-6400P便携式光合测定系统,在果实成熟期对其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等日变化参数及光合-光响应曲线进行了测定与比较分析。结果表明:其净光合速率日变化曲线均呈宽大的单峰型,不存在光合午休现象,3个品种类型的净光合速率均存在着显著的差异;3个品种类型上、下部叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为单峰型,水分利用效率的日变化曲线均为"U"型;3个品种类型的最大净光合速率在11.574~14.04μmol.m-2s-1之间,光饱和点在369~500μmol.m-2s-1之间,光补偿点在19~23μmol.m-2s-1之间;逐步回归分析结果表明,影响高产品种叶片Pn的主导因子为气孔导度,光合有效辐射和参比室的CO2浓度是影响中产品种的主导因子,普通品种主要受胞间CO2浓度的影响。     

果桑的光合特性

叶片是果树光合作用的主要器官.在云南省草坝农场果桑试验示范园对果桑的光合作用进行了测定.结果表明:果桑净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线,且在1 d内的变化趋势类似;光合有效辐射以及温度的走势也极为相似;气孔导度随光合有效辐射的增加和随胞间CO2浓度的增加而减少;果桑的光饱和点为1 841.1μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为34.8μmol.m-2.s-1.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.