东海县耕地肥力现状及培肥对策

[目的]为了从"优质、高产、高效、安全、生态"的高度建立土壤的培肥途径和措施。[方法]依据多年的调查和试验结果,分析了东海县第2次土壤普查以来肥料投入构成情况及土壤肥力的变化趋势。[结果]2006年土壤有机质含量比1981年上升了7.93 g/kg,平均每年上升0.317 g/kg;土壤全氮上升了0.366 g/kg,年均上升0.014 6 g/kg;速效磷含量增加了4.7 mg/kg,年均上升0.30 mg/kg;1981~2006年间,土壤容重由1.41 g/cm3上升为1.49 g/cm3,耕层厚度由17.0 cm下降为11.6 cm,土壤通气孔隙度由37.1%上升为39.7%。速效钾在1981~1991年间共下降41.6 mg/kg,年平均下降4.16 mg/kg,1991年后明显回升,到2006年土壤速效钾含量达到109.6 mg/kg,年平均增加2.35 mg/kg。[结论]提出了稳定增加有机肥投入量;搞好平衡施肥,合理施用化肥;推广间隔耕翻、深耕技术,改善土壤物理性状;鼓励农民增加投入,提高耕地质量培肥地力的对策。     

江西农田土壤钾素肥力的现状、发展趋势及其对策

通过对江西省第二次土壤普查、近年全省农田养分调查及10个长期定位试验资料的比较分析,详细论述了江西省农田土壤钾素肥力的现状、变化情况及发展趋势;并提出了江西必须加大化肥钾和有机肥钾的投入,只有把每年钾肥的投入加大到300kg/hm2以上,才可能保持土壤钾素肥力的平衡与提高;并针对目前江西省农田土壤钾素肥力的现状,提出了江西省钾肥应用的主要对策。     

几类异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育系育性稳定性与育性恢复性的研究

 系统考察了偏、粘、易和二角4种异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育类型的育性稳定性和育性恢复性，测定了它们杂种F#-1中雌雄可育（1B）与不育（1BL/1RS）配子的传递率。结果表明：（1）其不育性可分为完全不育；转育过程中从低到高世代育性一直分离；低世代不育，高世代育性分离至全育3种类型。欲使不育性既稳定又易恢复，应注意选择仅含主效不育基因（或不带有任何修饰基因的1RS片段）的不育核型是一关键。（2）4种异质全不育系和它们的恢复系，各自核内的育性基因系列组成在不同品种（系）中分布不同，这与其恢复性直接相关。全不育系核内是以单对主效不育基因[（或是1RS片段）A#-1]和单对主效不育基因+抑制基因（A#-2）两种形式存在。恢复系核内则有4种形式：即主效恢复基因+微效可育基因（C#-1）；主效恢复基因（C#-2）；主效恢复基因+抑制基因（C#-3）；仅含微效可育基因（C#-4）。它们彼此结合后可构成8种育性表现，其中，仅3种育性基因组合方式（A#-1×C#-1 、A#-1×C#-2和A#-2×C#-1）恢复度最高，而且较稳定。而其余5种组配形式都易受环境条件的影响，有着较大的恢复度变异。（3）杂种F#-1中的1BL/1RS不育配子雌雄传递率明显不同，在雄配子中极低，甚至部分组合为零。从而使F#-1恢复度很大程度上由1B配子的数量和授粉时对1BL/1RS配子的补偿能力来决定。     

山东省青州市耕地地力等级评价研究

本文介绍了农业部有关耕地地力等级评价在山东省青州市的试点研究结果。整个评价是建立在全面野外调查和室内化验分析以获取大量耕地地力相关信息的基础上,以GIS和SPSS等技术并结合有关数学模型为依托,对耕地地力进行的自动化和定量化评价。对耕地地力等级的分布特点、利用现状、存在问题及对策也进行了分析,希望能对青州市耕地高效和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Low reproductive success of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, is due to high embryonic mortality

We examined the mechanism responsible for low reproductive success in leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) at Playa Grande, Costa Rica: low egg fertilization versus high rates of embryonic death. Leatherbacks at this beach had a high rate of fertility (=93.3%±2.5%, n=819). We incubated 10 eggs from every clutch encountered of 19 females during 3 months of the 1998-1999 nesting season. Fertility rate of some females decreased during the nesting season, but overall was high. Detection of fertility was difficult using standard methods because fertility rates cannot be determined accurately from nests excavated after hatching because of egg decomposition. Removal and incubation of eggs from nests provided a better estimate. Embryonic death, particularly in the beginning of incubation before embryos are visible to the unaided eye, was the cause of low hatching success in this population. Hatching success increased with increasing fertility and differed between females, with some mothers having 71-81% success and others 23-32%. Embryonic death and not low egg fertility drives poor recruitment at Playa Grande. Improved conservation of this species at Playa Grande will require a better understanding of the mechanism behind embryonic death.     

Conservation value of the herbaceous vegetation in hedgerows - does organic farming make a difference?

The aim was to compare and test differences in the conservation value of hedge bottom vegetation on organic and conventional farms. The studied hedgerows (28 organic and 28 conventional) were on average 14 years old and established in the same way, except that organic hedgerows were established and managed without use of pesticides. We investigated three sample plots of 10 m² in all hedgerows together with a set of 13 explanatory variables. There were no differences in soil texture between hedgerow types but organic farms had higher pH and lower conductivity. Organic farms had higher total N values, which are explained by a slightly higher content of organic matter. There was highly significant interaction between farming type and neighbouring crop type according to soil phosphate concentration. Significantly more plant species were found in the organic hedgerows. The species compositions in organic hedgerows appeared significantly more similar to semi-natural communities when compared with other plant communities. We conclude that organic farming is slightly superior with regard to conservation of herbaceous diversity of hedgerows in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The possible reasons for this are discussed.     

榨菜胞质雄性不育及其农艺性状的研究

榨菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｊｕｎｃｅａＣｏｓｓ．ｔｕｍｉｄａＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）胞质雄性不育系的雄蕊形态有两种类型：１）雄蕊无花药结构；２）雄蕊花药瘦小而干瘪。不育系雄性器官败育时期有两种类型：１）孢子体败育型；２）配子体败育型，属小孢子发育受阻。不育系雄蕊内源激素ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量随花器发育而极缓慢地增长，在花盛开时，每枚雄蕊分别为８．０ｎｇ和２２．４ｎｇ，近保持系的１／４和１／６，出现明显的ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量亏损现象。雄性不育率和不育度均为１００％，不育性世代稳定。不育系９０％的植株雌蕊育性正常，人工授粉后平均单果结籽１４．６粒，比保持系多１．２粒。其余１０％的植株其雌蕊部分不育。在保持系为父本进行自然授粉条件下，不育系单株种子产量７．２ｇ，较正常株高１６．６％。不育系经济性状优良，基本达到保持系和栽培品种水平。     

水稻温敏不育系育性转换及稳定性研究

在不同自然生态条件下对编号为Ms-3,Ms-7,Ms-8,Ms-9的4份水稻温敏不育系分期播种,进行育性观察、差异性分析及稳定性研究,从而鉴定水稻温敏不育系育性转换是否彻底以及育性是否稳定.结果表明:4份水稻温敏不育系在元江可以繁殖,同期播种品种间育性差异不显著,不同播期对育性的影响较大,以3月8日播种水稻温敏不育系自交结实率最高;建水不同播期对水稻温敏不育系育性影响不大,但品种间育性差异显著,除Ms-7外,其它几个温敏不育系在不同播期不育度达99%以上,育性转换彻底,自交结实率的变异系数小,不育性稳定,可以制种.     

两系稻在江西不同地区的生育特性及其育性转换初探

本研究通过不同地区的分期播种试验,观察了W6154S、5460S的生育特性和育性转换特性,指出了两个核雄性不育系的播种至始穗历期随纬度和海拔升高而增加,随栽培季节温度的升高而缩短。温度是诱导两个核雄性不育系育性转换的主导因素。同时提出了其制种与繁殖的适宜季节。     

Efficacy of oral nicotinic acid and choline in the treatment and prevention of fatty liver in dairy cow

Nicotinic acid (N.C.)and choline were given orally to the periparturient cows to treat and prevent fatty liver.Blood parameters of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate,albumin,total protein,magnesium,aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA) were measured.There were no significant differences between the reated and untreated groups in the plasma concentrations of albumin,total,protein and magnsium.Significant decrease in plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate,NEFA and AST were observed in the treated cows following administration of N.C.and choline.All the fatty liver cows(100%) treated with N.C.and choline recovered within 5 weeks after calving compared with 71.4%(5/7) of untreated cows recovered.The incident ate of fatty liver postpartum in the cows with N.C.and choline given 2 weeks before calving was 30%(3/10),and the affected cows had a range of mild to moderate fatty liver whilst the incident rate was 50%(5/10)in the untreated cows.which had a range of mild to of severe fatty liver,Meanwhile,the treated cows had a significant higher prodection of milk and shorter intervals from calving to uterine involution,to the first postpartum ovulation and to conception.