The effects of late gestation nutrient restriction of dams on beef heifer intake,metabolites and hormones during an ad libitum feeding trial

This study's objective was to determine if nutrient restriction during late gestation affected beef heifer feed intake, body weight (BW) gain and endocrine regulation during a 10‐week feeding trial. During the last 100 days of gestation, control (CON) dams were fed to increase body condition score (BCS). Whereas, nutrient‐restricted dams (NR) and NR dams protein supplemented 3 days/week (NRS) were fed to decrease BCS by 1.2. After parturition, all cow‐calf pairs were moved to a common pasture and fed in excess of requirements until weaning. At 15 months of age, heifers were randomly sorted into two pens and adjusted to a commercial total mixed ration over a 2‐week period. Blood samples and BW were taken at the initiation of feeding and on a biweekly basis for the duration of the feeding trial. Feed intake was monitored for 10 weeks using a GrowSafe System. After 10 weeks, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on 21 randomly subsampled heifers. During the feeding trial, NR heifers consumed more feed than CON and NRS heifers. Heifers from NR dams tended to increase BW compared to NRS and CON heifers when adjusted for initial BW. Heifers from NR and NRS dams had a greater increase in BCS compared to heifers from CON dams. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during the feeding trial increased in NR heifers compared to the other groups beginning at 2 and 4 weeks respectively. Plasma leptin concentrations were increased in the NR and NRS heifers compared to the CON heifers beginning at week 4 of feeding. During the IVGTT at the conclusion of the feeding challenge, plasma glucose and insulin were increased in NR heifers compared to other treatment groups. These results show that nutrient restriction during late gestation alters appetite and endocrine regulation in heifer offspring.     

陆地棉Ghkinesin13亚家族基因的克隆及表达特征分析

Kinesin家族是一类马达蛋白,它们能利用ATP水解所释放的能量驱动自身携带物质分子沿着微管运动,在细胞形成、细胞伸长等方面起着关键作用。本研究以拟南芥Atkinesin-13A蛋白序列作为探针序列,利用Blast比对从二倍体雷蒙德氏棉的基因组数据库中发现7个具有较高同源关系的基因。根据基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术从陆地棉纤维中分离出7个基因。依据7个基因与Atkinesin-13A和Atkinesin-13B的同源性高低,依次将其命名为Gh KIS13A1、Gh KIS13A2、Gh KIS13A3、Gh KIS13B1、Gh KIS13B2、Gh KIS13B3和Gh KIS13B4。生物信息学分析表明,7个Ghkinesin13均含有典型的KISC马达区域、ATP结合位点和微管结合位点,其马达区域属于中央马达。多重序列比对和进化树分析发现,这7个蛋白可被分为2个(Kinesin13A和Kinesin13B)亚类。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,7个Ghkinesin13亚家族基因在棉花各组织中均有表达,但表达模式各不相同,其中Gh KIS13B4在纤维中优势表达,表明其在纤维发育过程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放与减排策略

反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放是重要的温室气体排放源,减少反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放有助于缓解全球温室效应和提高家畜饲养效率。本论文从中国反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放现状、瘤胃甲烷生成机制、甲烷生成的日粮营养影响因子和甲烷减排策略与潜力4个方面系统综述反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放的研究进展。目前,中国反刍家畜甲烷总排放量超过10 Tg,占全球胃肠道甲烷排放的比例超过15%。反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放主要来自瘤胃和后肠道,其中瘤胃甲烷占胃肠道甲烷生成总量的80%以上。二氧化碳还原路径利用瘤胃内的氢和二氧化碳合成甲烷,是瘤胃内生成甲烷的主要路径。瘤胃内的氢还可被相关微生物利用,合成挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白等代谢产物,进而被机体利用。减少反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放的关键在于促进瘤胃内氢的利用,以及阻断瘤胃内的氢被甲烷菌利用合成甲烷。甲烷减排的日粮营养调控策略包括优化日粮组成、改善饲料品质、提高瘤胃流通速率、添加氢池和甲烷抑制剂等。大多数营养调控策略的甲烷减排效果小于40%,最新研制的3-NOP抑制剂的甲烷减排效果最高可达80%。但是,一些减排策略的产业化应用还受添加剂残留、抗生素禁用、食品安全、产品价格和消费者喜好等因素影响。牧场管理和遗传选育也是降低甲烷排放量的重要手段,过去100年来已实现每千克标准乳的甲烷排放量减排效果为57%。未来反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷研究将主要集中在低排放品种的遗传选育、不同营养调控策略间的组合效果、甲烷减排的经济效益和可持续性、家畜生长性能与健康、食品安全、消费者喜好等方面。     

Food resources and cyprinid diet in permanent and temporary Mediterranean rivers with natural and regulated flow

This study addresses the differences in food availability, diet and feeding activity of the Iberian barbel, between permanent and temporary nonregulated rivers, and the effect of flow regulation on feeding parameters. A total of 267 adult barbels were seasonally collected in four nonregulated and regulated rivers from permanent and temporary basins, and their gut content was analysed. Locally available food sources were evaluated across sites and seasons. Barbels from the permanent nonregulated river exhibit a more variable and diversified diet in which invertebrates assumed a large importance, especially during high flows. Barbels from the temporary nonregulated river presented a more uniform diet composed of plant material and detritus, particularly in drought seasons. Flow regulation affected different flow components in both systems, but the effects on food resources and barbels' diet were similar, resulting in an intra‐annual stabilisation of resource availability and fish diet, with a higher consumption of plants and detritus. Changes in fish diet and feeding activity in both nonregulated and regulated rivers were strongly associated with the seasonal variability of streamflow components, particularly between low‐ and high‐flow periods, and with the reduction in flow variability in the case of dam regulation. Results from this study can be used to improve guidelines for flow requirement implementation.     

苦瓜转录因子McEIL2的克隆及其表达分析

本研究从已构建的苦瓜果实均一化文库筛选得到一个EIN3-like同源EST序列,结合RACE技术,克隆得到EIN3基因c DNA全长序列,命名为Mc EIL2(Gen Bank登录号:KF595122)。该基因全长2 122 bp,开放阅读框1 890 bp,编码629个氨基酸,预测该蛋白的分子量为71.58 k D,与黄瓜Cus EIN3、甜瓜Cm EIL1、苜蓿Mt EIL1、绿豆Vr EIL1和番茄Le EIL1的蛋白同源性分别为89.61%、78.37%、71.23%、69.09%和65.66%。Mc EIL2基因的编码蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞核,荧光定量分析表明Mc EIL2基因表达量在幼果期先强后弱,绿熟期最低,破色期表达量大幅增加至最高随后下降,推测该基因参与苦瓜果实成熟软化调控过程。本研究初步明确了Mc EIL2基因在苦瓜成熟过程表达模式,可为今后进一步揭示苦瓜果实成熟软化的分子机制奠定基础。     

普通小麦春化基因VRN1 RNA干扰载体构建及转基因小麦获得

为进一步探究春化基因VRN1在小麦发育进程中的功能,利用荧光定量PCR分析了VRN1基因在不同发育特性小麦品种新春2号、京841中的表达情况。结果表明,随着生育进程的推进,VRN1基因在新春2号叶片和茎尖中表达量均呈上升趋势,VRN1基因在京841叶片中呈波动上升趋势,在茎尖中表达量趋于0;以p FGC5941载体为基础构建含有VRN1反向重复序列的RNA干扰载体,利用农杆菌介导的茎尖转化法转化新春2号获得了再生植株,并通过PCR法检测获得了转基因阳性植株,为从分子水平上实现小麦发育特性遗传改良和创育小麦新种质奠定了基础。     

镉胁迫对水稻的影响及其调控技术研究进展

为了防治稻田镉污染并为选育与栽培低镉积累水稻新品种提供参考,本研究综述了重金属元素镉(Cd)对水稻糙米与精米及营养器官镉含量、水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长、水稻根系生长与生理生化性状、水稻营养代谢、水稻生长发育与产量及米质、水稻细胞遗传等的影响;最后提出了水稻镉胁迫的调控措施和技术,如土壤调控技术、育种技术。     

苹果矮化砧木GA20氧化酶基因的克隆及其表达分析

为了研究GA20氧化酶基因在苹果矮化砧木中的分子特征和表达特征,利用RT-PCR方法从苹果矮化砧木2号和36号c DNA中克隆了GA20氧化酶基因(GA20ox1),并对该基因及其编码氨基酸序列以及在不同时期砧木及嫁接品种中的表达分别进行了分析。结果表明,GA20ox1基因c DNA编码序列长1 179 bp,推导编码393个氨基酸(包括终止密码子),预测蛋白相对分子质量44.3 k Da,理论等电点5.89,编码的蛋白质包含GA20ox1基因家族所具有的特征保守结构域,系统进化分析表明该蛋白序列与苹果SH40的同源性达到96.9%。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示:36号砧木在6月份GA20ox1基因表达强度显著低于八棱海棠对照,而7-8月份的均显著高于对照,其上嫁接的品种7月份表达强度显著低于对照。在7-8月份2号砧木及嫁接品种GA20ox1基因的表达强度均显著低于对照。     

我国玉米茎腐病研究进展

玉米茎腐病是一种世界性土传真菌病害，该病害在我国玉米产区均有发生。近年来，受耕作制度（如保护性耕作、秸秆还田等）的改变和气候变化的影响，生产中使用的高抗茎腐病的玉米品种不多等因素，致使田间病原菌数量增加，我国玉米茎腐病有逐渐加重的趋势。针对玉米茎腐病危害逐年加重的现状，本文系统综述了玉米茎腐病致病菌、发病症状表现、病情分级标准、病害侵染规律、抗性鉴定评价方法等方面的研究进展情况，并提出了玉米茎腐病的防治策略。     

菜籽油实罐储存品质变化规律研究

通过对2010~2014年大、中、小不同罐容实罐储存的四级菜籽油,采取定点、定罐、定层、定期跟踪观察油罐"三温"变化并取样检测,发现罐温、油温均随着气温的变化而变化,其中罐温最高,油温从上至下依次降低。菜籽油的水分及挥发物、色泽、气味、滋味、加热试验(280℃)等指标在储藏期间变化均较平稳,酸值和过氧化值均呈不断上升趋势,且不同年限的菜籽油其过氧化值上升幅度明显高于酸值。油罐容量越大,满罐存储时其存油品质的稳定性越好。罐内上、中、下层酸值变化差异不明显,上层和底层的过氧化值明显高于中层。严格控制好入罐油品质量,菜籽油储藏4~5年后酸值、过氧化值等质量指标仍可保持在国家限量标准以内。