Rheology of concentrated xanthan gum solutions: Steady shear flow behavior

Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the steady shear flow properties of aqueous xanthan gum solutions of different concentrations were measured over a wide range of shear rates. In this article, both the shear rate and concentration dependencies of steady shear flow behavior are reported from the experimentally obtained data. The viscous behavior is quantitatively discussed using a well-known power law type flow equation with a special emphasis on its importance in industrial processing and actual usage. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter are employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models is also examined in detail. Finally, the elastic nature is explained with a brief comment on its practical significance. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a finite magnitude of yield stress. This may come from the fact that a large number of hydrogen bonds in the helix structure result in a stable configuration that can show a resistance to flow. (2) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions show a marked non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior which is well described by a power law flow equation and may be interpreted in terms of the conformational status of the polymer molecules under the influence of shear flow. This rheological feature enhances sensory qualities in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products and guarantees a high degree of mixability, pumpability, and pourability during their processing and/or actual use. (3) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk, and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have equivalent ability to describe the steady shear flow behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions, whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (4) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a quite important elastic flow behavior which acts as a significant factor for many industrial applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic manufacturing processes.     

不同处理条件对明胶体系凝胶特性的影响

分析了明胶体系的凝冻强度、黏度和透射比在明胶浓度、蔗糖、NaCl及pH值4个不同处理条件下的变化规律。在试验范围内,随明胶浓度的增加,明胶凝冻强度呈线性增大趋势(R2=0.993),黏度呈二项式增大趋势(R2=0.975),透射比呈线性减小趋势(R2450=0.972,R2620=0.971)。随蔗糖浓度的增加,明胶凝冻强度呈先增大后减小的三项式趋势(R2=0.940),黏度呈二项式增大趋势(R2=0.970),透射比则整体上呈增大趋势。随NaCl浓度的增加,明胶凝冻强度线性减小(R2=0.984);黏度先减小后增大,当NaCl浓度为2.00 mol/L时,黏度最小;透射比呈先增大后减小的变化规律。pH值为4~7时,明胶体系的凝冻强度相对较高;而pH为7时,黏度最大;随p H值的增加,透射比呈先减小后微弱增大的二项式趋势。     

The influence of xylanase on the fermentability,digestibility, and physicochemical properties of insoluble corn-based fiber along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

In theory, supplementing xylanase in corn-based swine diets should improve nutrient and energy digestibility and fiber fermentability, but its efficacy is inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate the impact of xylanase on energy and nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, and fermentation when pigs are fed a diet high in insoluble fiber (>20% neutral detergent fiber; NDF) and given a 46-d dietary adaptation period. A total of 3 replicates of 20 growing gilts were blocked by initial body weight, individually housed, and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF) with 7.5% NDF, a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 21.9% NDF), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF + XY [Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK]) providing 16,000 birch xylan units/kg; and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) product/kg (HF + AX [XOS 35A; Shandong Longlive Biotechnology, Shandong, China]) providing AXOS with 3–7 degrees of polymerization. Gilts were allowed ad libitum access to fed for 36-d. On d 36, pigs were housed in metabolism crates for a 10-d period, limit fed, and feces were collected. On d 46, pigs were euthanized and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with block and replication as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared with LF, HF reduced the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent cecal digestibility (ACED), apparent colonic digestibility (ACOD), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF, and hemicellulose (P < 0.01). Relative to HF, HF + XY improved the AID of GE, CP, and NDF (P < 0.05), and improved the ACED, ACOD, and ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose (P < 0.05). Among treatments, pigs fed HF had increased hindgut DM disappearance (P = 0.031). Relative to HF, HF + XY improved cecal disappearance of DM (162 vs. 98 g; P = 0.008) and NDF (44 vs. 13 g; P < 0.01). Pigs fed xylanase had a greater proportion of acetate in cecal digesta and butyrate in colonic digesta among treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with LF, HF increased ileal, cecal, and colonic viscosity, but HF + XY decreased ileal viscosity compared with HF (P < 0.001). In conclusion, increased insoluble corn-based fiber decreases digestibility, reduces cecal fermentation, and increases digesta viscosity, but supplementing xylanase partially mitigated that effect.     

不同稳定剂对香蕉凝固型酸奶品质的影响

[目的]对比4种稳定剂对香蕉凝固型酸奶品质的影响,为香蕉凝固型酸奶制作工艺优化和酸奶品质提升提供科学参考.[方法]以不添加稳定剂和香蕉果肉及仅添加香蕉果肉为对照,探讨黄原胶、果胶、卡拉胶和CMC-9等4种稳定剂不同添加量对香蕉凝固型酸奶稳定性、质地、黏度、持水力和质构特性的影响.[结果]稳定剂添加对香蕉凝固型酸奶各品质指标的影响存在明显差异,以添加0.250％～0.500％黄原胶的香蕉凝固型酸奶品质最佳,其凝乳和稳定效果好、口感软滑细腻、酸奶持水力和黏度均优于其他3种稳定剂;其次是果胶,添加量以0.500％为宜;卡拉胶对香蕉凝固型酸奶的质构特性、品质影响大,酸奶质地过硬;CMC-9添加后黏度稍差,需添加较多量才能保持酸奶的凝固形态.[结论]黄原胶可作为制备香蕉凝固型酸奶的稳定剂单独使用,以0.250％～0.500％的添加量为宜.     

原油磁处理降粘研究

叙述了国内外近几年对原油,特别是含蜡原油磁处理降粘的研究进展。对原油磁化降粘的机理进行了总结和探讨,认为磁致颗粒团聚及磁场作用下分子有序排列是降粘的主要原因。通过悬浮液流变学理论,磁致颗粒团聚后,体系的多分散度上升,颗粒最大堆砌体积分数提高,从而悬浮体系粘度下降。原油磁化降粘具有时效性,大多可维持2～4h时,可应用于短距离输油管道。     

粳稻品种的粒厚特征及其对食味品质的影响

 以2006年收获的71份北方粳稻主栽品种为试材,研究了糙米粒厚的分布及粒厚与食味品质的相关性。结果表明,品种间糙米粒厚差异较大,变异系数为6.57%,粒厚在1.81~2.10 mm的品种占参试品种总数的78.88％。糙米粒厚与米饭食味评分呈极显著正相关。用粒厚分级机对其中5个粳稻品种进行粒厚分级,测定同一品种不同粒厚样品的米饭食味评分值、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征值。结果表明,粒厚对稻米蛋白质含量、RVA特征值、米饭食味评分等指标有显著影响,同一品种随着粒厚的增加,食味品质得到改善。讨论了粒厚作为品种选育指标的必要性。     

交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质研究

对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究,结果表明：交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊冻融稳定性好,透明度高,热稳定性好,抗生物降解及抗老化能力强,蔗糖使交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度略有提高,pH值、剪切力、氯化钠对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度影响较大。     

Effect of Cold-Water Irrigation on Grain Quality Traits in japonica Rice Varieties from Yunnan Province, China

The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.     

饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响

研究了饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响.于21±1℃条件下,在室内水族箱内对鲫鱼进行了为期28d的饥饿实验,分别在饥饿开始后的0、7、14、21、28d取样并测定了其血液生理生化指标和全血粘度.结果表明血液中红细胞数和红细胞压积分别在饥饿后7d和14d内显著下降,而白细胞数和红细胞沉降率分别在饥饿后7d和21d内显著上升;鲫鱼血清中的血糖对饥饿特别敏感,在饥饿后7d内明显下降(P＜0.05),此后几周变化不明显(P＞0.05);总蛋白和白蛋白在饥饿后7d内均有所增加,然后下降;谷丙转氨酶活性在饥饿后14d内明显下降,甘油三脂和总胆固醇在饥饿后21d内明显下降;饥饿对鲫鱼血清钙离子浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著性影响.全血粘度值在饥饿后14d内下降,随后全血粘度值逐渐增加,到饥饿后28d时仍低于正常值.结果提示,饥饿对鲫鱼大部分血液生理生化指标和血液流变学性质有显著性影响.     

饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响

研究了饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响.于21±1℃条件下,在室内水族箱内对鲫鱼进行了为期28d的饥饿实验,分别在饥饿开始后的0、7、14、21、28d取样并测定了其血液生理生化指标和全血粘度.结果表明血液中红细胞数和红细胞压积分别在饥饿后7d和14d内显著下降,而白细胞数和红细胞沉降率分别在饥饿后7d和21d内显著上升;鲫鱼血清中的血糖对饥饿特别敏感,在饥饿后7d内明显下降(P＜0.05),此后几周变化不明显(P＞0.05);总蛋白和白蛋白在饥饿后7d内均有所增加,然后下降;谷丙转氨酶活性在饥饿后14d内明显下降,甘油三脂和总胆固醇在饥饿后21d内明显下降;饥饿对鲫鱼血清钙离子浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著性影响.全血粘度值在饥饿后14d内下降,随后全血粘度值逐渐增加,到饥饿后28d时仍低于正常值.结果提示,饥饿对鲫鱼大部分血液生理生化指标和血液流变学性质有显著性影响.