A study of the susceptibility of Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

The susceptibility of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was tested. Juvenile halibut of approximately 5 g weight were subjected to challenge by intraperitoneal injection, cohabitation and immersion to a VHSV isolate from an outbreak of the disease in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). The intraperitoneal injection gave the highest mortality rate of 28% after 50 days. The cohabitee group suffered 19% mortality rate and the immersion group only 2%. Control groups included turbot exposed either by intraperitoneal injection or immersion which suffered mortality rates of 93 and 50%, respectively. The results suggest that halibut are markedly less susceptible to VHSV than turbot.     

Effects of dietary borage oil [enriched in γ-linolenic acid,18:3(n-6)] or marine fish oil [enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5(n-3)] on growth,mortalities, liver histopathology and lipid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

A marine fish oil, Marinol K (MO) and borage oil (BO) were used to formulate diets relatively rich in eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; 20:5(n-3)] and -linolenic acid [GLA; 18:3(n-6)], respectively. The diets were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.4 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences were observed in final weights either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments. Mortalities in the MO-fed group were significantly greater than in the BO-fed group. In the MO-fed group, 7 out of 12 fish sampled for histological analysis showed a pronounced liver histopathology whereas only 1 of 12 fish sampled in the BO-fed group showed slight pathology. EPA levels were increased 2.2-fold and its elongation product, 22:5(n-3), was increased 1.8-fold while arachidonic acid [AA; 20:4(n-6)] was decreased by 30% in MO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. GLA was increased 53-fold and its elongation product dihomo--linolenic acid [DHGLA; 20:3(n-6)] was increased 16-fold while AA was reduced by 90% in BO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. The amount of triacylglycerol in liver of BO-fed fish was significantly greater than levels in MO-fed fish. The fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids from liver showed marked differences between dietary treatments. Fish fed MO had significantly higher levels of the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), and also significantly more 20:4(n-6) compared to BO-fed fish which had significantly higher 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-6). The composition of liver phosphatidylinositol was particularly unusual in BO-fed fish having DHGLA as the major C₂₀ PUFA which was 2.2-fold greater than AA and 3.9-fold greater than EPA. This study demonstrates that the carcass composition of turbot can be altered, by means of dietary lipids, to contain increased levels of EPA and DHGLA which would be of potential benefit in human as well as in fish nutrition. However, caution should be exercised when using very highly unsaturated oils relatively rich in EPA which may generate histopathological lesions in the fish.Abbreviations AA arachidonic acid - ANOVA analysis of variance - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene - BO borage oil - DHA docosahexaenoic acid - DHGLA dihomo--linolenic acid - EPA eicosapentaenoic acid - GLA -linolenic acid - HPTLC high performance thin-layer chromatography - MO Marinol K - PC phosphatidylcholine - PE phosphatidylethanolamine - PI phosphatidylinositol - PS phosphatidylserine - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大菱鲆中硝基呋喃类代谢物的不确定度评定

按照农业部783号公告-1-2006采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大菱鲆中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量进行不确定度评定,建立数学模型,对测量结果的不确定度来源如工作曲线拟合、样品重复性测定、标准溶液配制、样品称量及样品溶液定容等进行分析评定及量化。按照数学模型计算得大菱鲆中AOZ、SEM、AHD和AMOZ的残留量分别为4.17、4.48、4.25、4.45μg/kg时,扩展不确定度分别为0.24、0.23、0.24、0.23μg/kg(k=2)。     

杀鲑气单胞菌灭活疫苗的制备及其在大菱鲆体内的免疫效果

为了预防大菱鲆疥疮病,本研究将杀鲑气单胞菌菌株HHSM1905经甲醛灭活制备成灭活疫苗,通过腹腔注射途径免疫健康大菱鲆;对免疫后大菱鲆血清抗体效价、血清溶菌酶(LZM)活性、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性及疫苗保护率进行测定;以β-actin为内参,对免疫相关基因(IL-1β、TLR-5、MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ-α、CD4)表达情况进行定量PCR分析。结果显示,在免疫后2周时,疫苗组血清抗体效价显著高于对照组并达到最大值;疫苗组LZM活性在免疫2周时达到峰值,4周时仍与对照组保持显著差异;疫苗组ACP活性在免疫后的2周达到峰值,与对照组差异显著;灭活疫苗相对保护率(RPS)为72.72%。免疫组与对照组相比,IL-1β、TLR-5、MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ-α、CD4的表达量均呈上调趋势,与对照组差异显著。本研究成功制备了大菱鲆用杀鲑气单胞菌灭活疫苗,其对大菱鲆疥疮病能够起到一定的预防作用,可为大菱鲆养殖过程中疾病预防提供新方法。     

Physiological and morphological effects of severe hypoxia,hypoxia and hyperoxia in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

We studied the physiological status of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) under severe hypoxia (1 and 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen, DO), hypoxia (3 and 5 mg/L DO), hyperoxia (11 and 14 mg/L DO) and normoxia (7 mg/L DO, control) conditions. The respiratory rates, haematology parameters, acid–base balance status and gill structure were analysed to find the effects of different DO concentration on turbot. Fish mortality was only observed under severe hypoxia conditions. Severe hypoxia caused an increase in respiratory rates and red blood cell counts, as well as an increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in the fish. In fish exposed to hypoxia conditions, the respiratory rate increased overall as the DO concentration decreased. Lower pCO₂ and HCO₃^? levels led to a high blood pH, while the pO₂ remained stable. In hyperoxia groups, respiratory rate decreased as the DO concentration increased. The levels of pCO₂ and HCO₃^? significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the pO₂ level and blood pH did not change obviously. The gill structure was damaged after prolonged exposure to hyperoxia, but no obvious damage was found in hypoxia groups. The fish that survived the hypoxia or hyperoxia treatment were able to restore the structural integrity of the gills after 14 days' recovery. The results suggest that juvenile turbots can tolerate a wide range of DO concentrations. However, even mild hyperoxia condition (11 mg/L DO), which is widely used in fish culture, has adverse effects on juvenile turbot physiology.     

Evaluation of Electrical Stunning of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Turbot (Psetta maxima) in Seawater

The aim of this study was to assess electrical stunning of Atlantic cod and turbot in seawater to develop a protocol for the process of stunning and killing. An induced general epileptiform insult (unconscious) had a duration of 40 ± 27 s (n =14) in cod (2.6 ± 0.5 kg) and 34 ± 18 s (n = 19) in turbot (520 ± 65 g). Seven cod and 3 turbot displayed a physical reaction, and 11 turbot registered an electroencephalogram (EEG) response to pain stimuli administered 30 s post-stun. The heart rate was 32 ± 6 beats/min in cod and 25 ± 7 beats/min in turbot prior to stunning. Post-stunning, the electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed fibrillation and reduced activity post-stun. EEG, ECG recordings, and behavioral observations indicate that when a bipolar square wave current was applied with a frequency of 133 Hz and 43% duty cycle side to side (turbot) and at 170 Hz and 33% duty cycle (cod) head to tail, both species were stunned in seawater at current densities of 3.2 A/dm² and 2.5 A/dm², respectively. For turbot, a 5 s exposure to electricity followed by chilling in ice water for 15 min is sufficient to prevent recovery. For cod, a killing method needs to be established.     

舌尖上的大菱鲆

大菱鲆是深受国人喜爱的营养美食,也是我国海水养殖的优良品种。大菱鲆富含高质量的蛋白质、脂肪、必需脂肪酸、胶原蛋白等营养成分,能满足人类的营养需求。丰富多彩的饮食文化,使大菱鲆广受消费者欢迎。大菱鲆引种养殖的成功源自国家对科技的投入和科研团队的辛勤努力,不断的科技创新使大菱鲆成为普通大众舌尖上的美味。     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和体组成的影响

以鸡肉粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能饲料。选取初始体质量为(22.82±0.08)g的大菱鲆幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每重复12尾)分别投喂一种饲料,试验周期为8周。试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数以及质量增加率产生显著影响(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分、能量含量未造成显著影响(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组粗蛋白含量比对照组略微升高,粗脂肪含量比对照组显著降低(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组之间的粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),但有升高的趋势。鸡肉粉替代40%鱼粉时,血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力影响显著(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对主要营养成分的表观消化率产生显著影响(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代20%的鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长最为有利。     

体外培养法探讨不同蛋白源对大菱鲆肠道菌群的影响

肠道菌群是动物正常生长发育中必不可少的重要组成部分,与动物健康密切相关,高比例的豆粕替代鱼粉作为鱼类饲料蛋白源严重影响了鱼类健康。采用3种不同种类的平板培养基对大菱鲆肠道不同部位菌群数量进行了体外模拟培养,证实了大菱鲆肠道各部位间均存在大量的微生物,且大菱鲆肠道可培养的需氧菌数量高于厌氧菌,前肠可培养的微生物数量也相对较多。采用DGGE指纹图谱检测和Bio-rad的Quantity One分析软件研究了蛋白源体外发酵对大菱鲆肠道菌群结构差异的影响。结果表明,大菱鲆肠道菌群受不同蛋白源的影响,且厌氧发酵条件下,发酵豆粕和鱼粉有着相似的主菌群结构。通过对内容物及发酵液的PCR-DGGE指纹图谱进行聚类分析和切胶回收,发现有氧条件下,菌群种类亲缘关系受蛋白源影响较大,且变形菌门为大菱鲆肠道利用蛋白的优势菌群。     

大菱鲆鱼体脂肪累积调节方法研究

通过摄食生长实验来研究高植物蛋白饲料中添加牛磺酸及水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆脂肪累积的影响。实验对照组(C)含有30%的鱼粉,高植物蛋白饲料+牛磺酸处理组(HT)使用植物蛋白替代对照组的一半鱼粉后添加0.8%牛磺酸,高植物蛋白饲料+牛磺酸+水解鱼蛋白处理组(HTPH)在HT饲料的基础上继续使用水解鱼蛋白替代7%的饲料鱼粉。室内流水系统养殖,每组4个重复。与对照组或HT组相比,HTPH组显著降低了鱼体的中性脂和肝体比。与对照组相比,HT及HTPH组均显著升高了鱼体水分含量,降低了肝脏总脂和中性脂含量。与对照组相比,肌肉总脂及极性脂仅在HTPH组显著降低。HTPH组的血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量显著低于对照组。组织脂肪酸分析显示,HT及HTPH组有降低长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量,升高C18∶2n-6,C18∶3n-6及C18∶3n-3含量的趋势。综上,在高植物蛋白饲料中添加牛磺酸可以有效降低鱼体肝脏脂肪含量,而在此基础上继续使用水解鱼蛋白具有更好的脂肪调节效果,能够降低鱼体、肌肉、肝脏及血清中的中性脂肪及总脂肪含量。